Chapter 2

Question 1

glia

Answer 1

non-neuronal cells in the nervous system, half of brain volume is made up of glia

Question 2

glia functions

Answer 2

support neurons, supply neutrons with nutrients and O2, insulate neutrons from each other, protect neutrons from pathogens and clean out dead neutrons, moderate/regulate neural activity

Question 3

astrocytes (CNS) and satellite cells (PNS)

Answer 3

structural support for neutrons, help create blood-brain barrier, provides nutrients to neutrons, modulates neural activity through repute of NTs and ion regulation

Question 4

oligodendrocytes (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)

Answer 4

wraps axons in myelin to insulate them and speed conduction of APs

Question 5

ependymal cells

Answer 5

help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Question 6

microglia

Answer 6

macrophages that devour and digest cellular debris (phagocytosis)

Question 7

rostral

Answer 7

nose

Question 8

caudal

Answer 8

tail

Question 9

anterior

Answer 9

before

Question 10

posterior

Answer 10

after

Question 11

ipsilateral

Answer 11

same side

Question 12

contralateral

Answer 12

opposite sides

Question 13

unilateral

Answer 13

one side

Question 14

bilateral

Answer 14

both sides

Question 15

somatic division (PNS)

Answer 15

voluntary control of action, somatosensory (from skin to brain), motor (from brain to muscles)

Question 16

autonomic division (PNS)

Answer 16

sympathetic & parasympathetic regulation of involuntary actions (heart, gut, glands, etc)

Question 17

somatosensory neurons

Answer 17

primary sensory receptor cells of somatosensory system

Question 18

motor neurons

Answer 18

axons from motor neurons to muscle fibers

Question 19

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 19

fight or flight, increases blood flow to muscles, increases heart rate, inhibits digestion, dilates pupils

Question 20

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 20

rest and digest, increases blood flow to gut facilitating digestion, constricts pupils

Question 21

CNS protection

Answer 21

meninges (covering), CSF (cushioning), ventricles (fluid filled spaces)

Question 22

dura mater

Answer 22

thick, tough membrane (right under cranium, top layer)

Question 23

arachnoid mater

Answer 23

thin, fibrous membrane with trabeculae extending through the subarachnoid space to the pia mater

Question 24

subarachnoid space

Answer 24

filled with CSF

Question 25

pia mater

Answer 25

delicate membrane that follows the cortical surface (inner-most layer)

Question 26

telencephalon

Answer 26

cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia

Question 27

diencephalon

Answer 27

hypothalamus, thalamus

Question 28

mesencephalon

Answer 28

superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, motor nuclei

Question 29

metencephalon

Answer 29

pons, cerebellum

Question 30

myelencephalon

Answer 30

medulla

Question 31

cranial nerves

Answer 31

brain stem organized similar to spinal cord, contain afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals

Question 32

medulla

Answer 32

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

Question 33

pons

Answer 33

balance, taste, swallowing

Question 34

midbrain

Answer 34

inferior colliculi (hearing), superior colliculi (vision and eye movements), substantial nigra (dopamine, reward learning, addiction, movement)

Question 35

subcortical structures

Answer 35

hippocampus, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum

Question 36

cerebellum

Answer 36

motor control, coordination, posture, equilibrium

Question 37

hypothalamus

Answer 37

hormone release, body temp, hunger, thirst, sleep

Question 38

thalamus

Answer 38

sensory-motor hub and relar, lateral geniculate nucleus (visual relay), medial geniculate nucleus (auditry relay)

Question 39

basal ganglia

Answer 39

putamen, caudate, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens

Question 40

striatum (caudate and putamen)

Answer 40

caudate: voluntary movement and goal-directed action putamen: motor skills & reinforcement learning

Question 41

globus pallidus

Answer 41

regulation of voluntary movement

Question 42

nucleus accumbens

Answer 42

aversion, motivaition, pleasure, reward

Question 43

amygdala

Answer 43

emotion (eg. fear), episodic long-term memory

Question 44

hippocampus

Answer 44

episodic long-term memory, spatial navigation

Question 45

commissures

Answer 45

connections between hemispheres

Question 46

cytoarchitecture

Answer 46

gray matter 2-3mm thick, layered organization, 6 layers differing in connections, thickness, density of cell types, layer 4 (primary receiving layer, thicker in sensory cortex), layers 2, 3, 5 & 6 (sending layers, thicker in motor cortex)

Question 47

brodmann areas

Answer 47

classified regions based on cytoarchitecture, 52 areas, structural classification by functional differences

Question 48

connectome

Answer 48

the "wiring diagram" of the brain, measured using diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging

Question 49

diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging (DTI/DSI)

Answer 49

measures the strength and direction of water diffusion over time. in neurons, diffusion tends to occur along length of axon/dendrites

Question 50

tractography

Answer 50

if diffusion is round, equal. if long and stretched follow direction of diffusion