Chapter 2 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Elements of critical thinking
Understanding
Thinking by and for oneself
Thinking Proactively
Being Open Minded
Considering other perspectives
Questioning & challenging beliefs
means “to have a mental
grasp of things, of reality, of issues at hand
or of the subject matter.”
to understand
✘One can picture in his/her mind a
situation or certain reality.
✘Philosophy is more concerned with more
relevant situations since they affect one’s
social, political, moral, & spiritual life.
Understanding
Elements of understanding
-context
-opposing views/ opinions of others
-whole range of issues about a subject
matter
the framework , the frame of reference & the different connections & relationships within which something
must be understood & interpreted.
context
It refers to using one’s power or ability to
think or reason out.
Thinking by and for
oneself
means that one has to think in advance & anticipate certain consequences of his/her actions
thinking proactively
Steps in problem solving
- Representing or Defining the Problem
- Generating Possible Solution
- Evaluating Solutions
- Applying Solutions
- Critiquing Given Solutions Through
Dialectics
break, disruption, or distortion of the normal flow of things or when a desired objective or goal cannot be
attained
problem
is recalling past solutions or inventing new ones
divergent thinking
applying one’s knowledge & rules of logic & attempts to narrow down the possibilities to one that is most appropriate or effective.
convergent thinking
critical discussion about certain things, of the pros and cons of one particular topic, issues or action
dialectics
philosophical theories about the truth
Realism Relativism Theory Pragmatism Theory Correspondence Theory Coherence Theory
The acceptance that something is true- a firmly held conviction
belief
The proper aim of any inquiry, particularly scientific & philosophical inquiry
truth
A general theory about truth that asserts that the mind can know certain, fundamental, & immediate truths. “Truth is the conformity of the mind with reality.” One can claim that he/she knows the truth if there is conformity between facts & his/her ideas.
Realism
Asserts that truth as an object of knowledge cannot be known as it is in itself; it can only be modified by a person.
“Truth is always dependent on the person.”
Truth is subjective & therefore relative to the perception of the subject.
What is truth for one may not be the truth for other individuals.
Relativism theory
Proposed by William James; Asserts
that an idea is true if it can show its
consequence and use, that is it has
practical consequences.
“Truth is consequential in nature.”
Pragmatism theory
Proposed by Bertrand Russel
Asserts that a proposition is true if it corresponds with a state of affairs or with facts.
“Truth is consequential in nature.”
Correspondence theory
Proposed by Francis Bradley
Asserts that truth cannot be asserted of one proposition, only in isolation from other propositions.
“Truth belongs to a system of propositions, a set of propositions that cohere with one another.”
Coherence theory
-asserts that the human mind can never attain the truth. The human mind is unreliable because people are more prone to error & that there is a prevalence of error over truth.
skepticism
-a state in which the mind suspends its judgment or assertion on the truth of a certain proposition or belief.
doubt
-a statement about something without
sufficient basis or sufficient reason.
opinion
