Chapter 2

Question 1

What is an atom?

Answer 1

It has a nucleus with protons +and neutrons(neutral) and with electrons - orbiting around nucleus in designated shells

Question 2

What is an ion?

Answer 2

When an atom gains or loses electrons and has a charge(positive or negative)

Question 3

What is the atomic #?

Answer 3

The # of protons in an atom and this determines what element it is

Question 4

What is the atomic mass/weight?

Answer 4

The avg mass of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element(neutrons)

Question 5

What is an isotope?

Answer 5

Atoms of same element with diff # neutrons

Question 6

What are Molecules?

Answer 6

Two or more atoms bonded together using chemical bonds

Question 7

What are 3 types of bonds?

Answer 7

Ionic-positively and negatively charged ions are attracted to each other i.e. Nacl-not as strong as covalent
Covalent-two atoms share electrons-strongest type of bond
Polar-ie h20 oxygen attracts the hydrogens more strongly
Non polar
Hydrogen-weakest. Weak intermolecular bonds i.e. H2o

Question 8

What is metabolism?

Answer 8

Sum of all chemical reactions in body

Question 9

What is an Exergonic reaction?

Answer 9

Chemical reactions that give off energy

Question 10

What is an endergonic reaction?

Answer 10

Requires energy to take place

Question 11

What is a catalyst?

Answer 11

Decrease the amount of energy needed for a reaction

Most are enzymes

Question 12

What is an anabolic reaction?

Answer 12

Build up larger molecules

Synthesis reactions

Question 13

What is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 13

Breaks apart molecules-

Decomposition reaction

Question 14

What is an inorganic compound?

Answer 14

Simple molecules that usually lack carbon

Question 15

What is an organic compound?

Answer 15

Always contains carbon hydrogen and usually o2 has covalent bonds

Question 16

What is most abundant inorganic compound in bodies

Answer 16

Water

Question 17

Characteristics of water

Answer 17

Main characteristic is polarity
Solvent
Stable polar medium
High heat capacity
Forms hydrogen bonds

Question 18

What is an acid?

Answer 18

Gives off H+ in solution-hydrogen ions

Question 19

What is a base?

Answer 19

Gives off oh- in solution(hydroxyl ions)

Question 20

What is ph?

Answer 20

A scale from 0-14 where 0-6 is more acidic and 8-14 are more basic
7 is neutral

Question 21

What are cho’s?

Answer 21

Sugars to give body energy

Question 22

What are the forms of cho’s?

Answer 22

Monosaccharides-simple-glucose, fructose, galactose- useful for making rna and dna
Disaccharides-2 monosaccharides-sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides-long structures of monosaccharides. Good for storing energy i.e. Glycogen

Question 23

What is a lipid?

Answer 23

Non polar hydrophobic oil/fat molecules. Insoluble in water

Provide protection, insulation and energy

Question 24

What are triglycerides?

Answer 24

Most common lipid in our bodies

Stored in adipose tissue

Question 25

What is a Phospholipid?

Answer 25

Crucial for the formation of cell membranes Polar phosphate head and two non polar lipid tails Forms lipid portion of cell membrane

Question 26

What is a steroid?

Answer 26

Molecules made from a 4 c ring. I.e. Cholesterol Testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

Question 27

What are proteins?

Answer 27

``` Can have complicated shapes Made of 20 diff amino acids Amino acids joined by peptide bonds Two amino acids-dip emptied Longer chains-polypeptide ```

Question 28

What is an enzyme

Answer 28

Proteins that act as catalysts for specific chemical reactions in our bodies

Question 29

What is dna?

Answer 29

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Double helix. Genetic code in base pairs Adenine thymine Guanine cytosine Found in nucleus

Question 30

What is rna?

Answer 30

Ribonucleic acid-single strand structure Relays genetic code from dna to ribosomes so that proteins can be made Adenine uracil Guanine and cytosine

Question 31

What is atp?

Answer 31

Adenosine triphosphate Energy molecule The 3rd phosphate can be broken to release energy for the cells and this creates adp Can put phosphate back to store energy

Question 32

What is hydrophilic?

Answer 32

Substances with polar covalent bonds that dissolve in water-water loving

Question 33

What is hydrophobic

Answer 33

Substances with non polar covalent bonds i.e. Lipids

Question 34

What is an acid?

Answer 34

Substance that releases h+ ions

Question 35

What is a base?

Answer 35

Substance the releases oh-ions

Question 36

What is amphipathic?

Answer 36

Something that is both polar and non polar i.e. Phospholipid

Question 37

What happens if protein is denatured?

Answer 37

In a hostile environment it loses its characteristic shape and function

Question 38

What are nucleotides?

Answer 38

Basic units of nucleic acids Nitrogenous base Pentose sugar Phosphate group