Chapter 2

Question 1

Element

Answer 1

A basic form of matter that cannot be broken down into anything else by normal physical means

Question 2

Atom

Answer 2

The smallest unit of an element that still exhibits properties of that element

Question 3

Molecule

Answer 3

Formed by 2 or more atoms that are bonded together by covalent bonds

Ex: water

Question 4

Chemical bond

Answer 4

The force that holds a molecule(s) together because of the shared ELECTRONS

Question 5

Ionic bond

Answer 5

Metal & nonmetal

Atoms that loose or gain electrons become charged

Ions with opposite charges bond to each other

When Na+ and Cl– ions combine to produce NaCl,

Question 6

Covalent bond

Answer 6

Nonmetal & nonmetal

Strongest type of bond
Between atoms that share electrons
Forms molecules

Covalent bonds form between the elements that make up the biological molecules in our cells

do not dissociate in water

Question 7

Properties of water

Answer 7

Universal solvent

Cohesive 
Moderates temperature changes 
Hydrogen bonds
Capillary action 
Facilitates chemical reactions 
Ice floats

Question 8

pH meaning

range for acid, base, neutral ?

Answer 8

A measure of the relative amounts of H+ and OH- in a solution

Acid 0-6 strong-weak

Neutral 7

Base 8-14 weak-strong

Question 9

What are the four types of organic molecules ?

Answer 9

Carbohydrate

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Function?

Examples?

How our cells use them?

Answer 10

Sugars that make energy

Made of C, H, O

Energy source for cells
Structural molecules

Ex: starch stores energy

Question 11

Proteins

Function?

Examples?

Enzymes?

Answer 11

Made of C,H,N,O

The sequence of amino acids gives the protein its unique characteristics

Nutrition, transport oxygen or other things, protection, movement of cells, structural,hormones

Ex: Antibody-immune system, muscle

Question 12

Define Enzyme

What type of organic molecule is an enzyme?

Answer 12

A type of catalytic protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions

Proteins

Question 13

Lipids

Types?

Functions?

Examples?

Answer 13

C and H

Fats, steroids, phospholipids

Produce energy, store energy, cell membrane

Nonpolar= hydrophobic

Question 14

Polymer

Answer 14

Molecules made of many smaller subunits called monomers

Question 15

Monomers

Answer 15

The building blocks of polymers

Ex : protein - polymer
Amino acids- monomer

Question 16

Identify which is the polymer and the which is the monomer?

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Answer 16

Polysaccharide- polymer
Monosaccharides-monomer

Polypeptides- polymer
Amino acids-monomer

Polynucleotides- polymer
Nucleotides- monomer

Question 17

What is the function of a phospholipid?

Answer 17

The main component of cell membranes

Question 18

What is the function of ATP ?

Answer 18

Is the main energy molecule of cells

It’s a nucleotide (nucleic acids)

Question 19

Which four elements make up most of living organisms ?

Answer 19

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Question 19

Atom basic subatomic particles

Charges ?

Answer 19

Protons +
Neutrons (neutral)
Electrons -

Protons= electrons

Question 20

Three types of chemical bonds

Answer 20

Covalent bond
Ionic bond
Hydrogen bonds

Question 21

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 21

Attractions between slightly charged parts of molecules

Question 22

Chemical reactions

Answer 22

Break and make bonds, changing the compositions of matter

Take place in the watery environments of cells

Question 23

Polar Molecule

Answer 23

Oxygen is -
Hydrogen is +

Atoms have partial charges (different charges)

Water is polar

Question 24

Non polar molecule

Answer 24

Charges is the same

Question 25

What kinds of substances dissolve in water ? Why

Answer 25

Charged compounds Ions(salts) Water is a good solvent because it’s polar so it dissolves hydrophilic compounds

Question 26

Hydrophilic

Answer 26

Water loving Charged or polar Dissolve in water

Question 27

Hydrophobic

Answer 27

Water hating No charge Non polar Doesn’t dissolve in water

Question 28

Solvent

Answer 28

Dissolves substances

Question 29

Solute

Answer 29

What is being dissolved

Question 30

Solution

Answer 30

The solute + solvent mix

Question 31

Element that forms the structural skeleton or foundation of organic molecules? Why?

Answer 31

Carbon Has 4 covalent bings forming macromolecules

Question 32

Organic molecule

Answer 32

Make up the bodies and cells of organism last Made by organisms

Question 33

Relationship between DNA and protein?

Answer 33

DNA has the instructions for the exact amino acid sequence of each protein Different sequences of amino acids give proteins different shapes and properties

Question 34

Why is the exact 3D shape of a protein so important ?

Answer 34

If a protein looses its shaped it can’t function properly Can be affected by: Heat pH Salt concentration

Question 35

What determines the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 35

Genes Provide the Sequence of amino acids

Question 36

nucleic acids | 2 types?

Answer 36

DNA: stores generic hereditary info Instructions for making proteins 2 strands double helix RNA: helps synthesize proteins 1 strand

Question 37

Four types of DNA nucleotides

Answer 37

Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

Question 38

Saturated

Answer 38

``` fats Animal origin Solid at room temp No C=C double bonds Unhealthy ```

Question 39

Unsaturated

Answer 39

``` Oils Plant origin Liquid at room temp C=C bonds Healthy fat ```

Question 40

Fats vs oils

Answer 40

At