CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
def: Any property that depends on the amount of the substance
A
Extensive Property
2
Q
def: Any property of a substance that can be measured or described without creating a new substance
A
Intensive Property
3
Q
def: Any property of a substance that can be measured or described without creating a new substance
A
Physical Property
4
Q
def: Any of a substance’s properties that arise as a result of a chemical reaction, where a new substance forms, or that describe a substance’s tendency to react
A
Chemical Property
5
Q
Intensive and extensive describe _____ properties exclusively
A
physical
6
Q
Physical properties describe interactions between _____ and _____
A
matter and energy
7
Q
Chemical properties describe interactions between _______
A
different forms of matter
8
Q
def: the energy an object or particle has because its motion
A
Kinetic Energy
9
Q
3 types of Kinetic Energy
A
Translational Energy, vibrational energy, rotational energy
10
Q
def: The energy an object or particle has because of its position relative to others, or because of internal stresses
A
Potential Energy
11
Q
Changes in kinetic energy reflect changes in particle______
A
movement
12
Q
changes in potential energy reflect changes in particle _____
A
seperation
13
Q
def: total energy contained within an object, representing the sum of all particles
A
Internal Energy
14
Q
def: a comparative measure of energy, proportional to the average kinetic energy of an objects particles
A
Temperature
15
Q
Temperature is an ________ property
A
intensive
16
Q
Internal energy is an _______ property
A
extensive
17
Q
Changes in volume directly reflect changes in
A
potential energy
18
Q
def: Energy that transfers between objects of different internal energies
A
Heat
19
Q
4 states of matter
A
Gas, liquid, solid, plasma
20
Q
KMT?
A
Kinetic Molecular Theory
21
Q
Solid to liquid
A
melting
22
Q
solid to gas
A
sublimation
23
Q
liquid to solid
A
freezing
24
Q
liquid to gas
A
vaporisation
25
gas to liquid
condensation
26
gas to solid
deposition
27
gas to plasma
ionization
28
plasma to gas
recombination
29
def: an electircally neutral, high energy fundamental state of matter, composed of positive ions and free electrons
Plasma
30
when kinetic energy gains heat, particles _______
move faster
31
when potential energy gains heat, particles ______
move further apart
32
def: the temperature at which a solid changes state into a liquid
melting point
33
def: temperature at which a liquid completely changes state into a gas
boiling point
34
change of state from liquid to gas
vaporization
35
rapid vaporization of a liquid that is heated to its boiling point
boiling
36
slow vaporization of a liquid from its surface when that liquid is below its boiling point
evaporation
37
def: a relative expression of a substances tendency to vaporize
volatility
38
def: any part of a system that is uniform in composition and in properties, making it visually distinct from the rest of the system
phase
39
def: refers to an individual substance and all the particles of that substance
chemical species
40
def: a substance made up of only one chemical species, having only one type of particle
pure substance
41
def: a substance made up of multiple chemical species, having more than one type of particle
mixture
42
def: the simplest and smallest unit of mass that maintains the properties of the substance
atom
43
def: an atom that is electrically charged because of imbalance between the number of protons and elections
ion
44
def: a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds, a sharing of electrons between atoms
molecule
45
def: oppositely charged ions held together by ionic bonds, an electrical attractive force
ion pair
46
def: a mixture containing one or more metals
alloy
47
def: an attraction between ions of opposite electrostatic charges (anions and cations)
ionic bond
48
def: a compound made up of one or more cations and one or more anions ( also called a salt and formed of an ion pair)
ionic compound
49
def: sharing of electrons between atoms, holding the atoms together to form a molecule
covalent bond
50
def: a compound formed of molecules, atoms held together sharing electrons
covalent compound
51
def: different structural arrangements of a single element, creating materials with unique sets of properties
allotropes
52
def: a thing that is composed of two or more opposite charged elements
compound
53
def: an alternating arrangement of anions cations
ionic crystal lattice
54
def: sharing of electrons between atoms, holding the atoms together to form a molecule
covalent bond
55
def: a compound formed of molecules, atoms held together sharing electrons
covalent compound
56
def: compound that contains carbon
organic compound
57
def: any compound that does not contain carbon
inorganic compound
58
def: any compound that contains only two elements, in any ratio
binary compound
59
def: generates a pH less than 7 when dissolved in water
acid
60
def: generates a pH greater than 7 when dissolved in water
base
61
def: any ionic compound that does not contain hydroxide
salt
62
def: describes a system made up of only one phase
homogeneous
63
def: describes a system made up of more than one phase
heterogeneous
64
def: a type of homogeneous mixture, having multiple chemical species in a single phase where one or more substances dissolve into eachother
solution
65
def: the part of the solution that exists in the smaller quantity
solute
66
def: the part of the solution that exists in the greater quantity
solvent
67
def: a solution composed of a solute dissolved in water
aqueous solution
68
def: a type of heterogeneous mixture, containing multiple chemical species in multiple phases
suspension
69
def: the process of particles in suspension settling out of the fluid in which they find themselves in response to a force acting upon them
sedimentation
70
def: a type of heterogeneous mixture , having microscopic dispersed insoluble particles suspended throughout another substance
colloid
71
def: a procedure of seperating the components of a mixture by exploiting differences in either physical or chemical properties
separation technique
72
def: separation of a mixtures components based on differences in physical properties : density, boiling point
physical separation
73
def: separation of a mixtures components based on differences in chemical properties, requiring a chemical reaction, thus forming a new substance
chemical separation
74
def: manually selecting and separating each phase of a mixture one by one
manual separation
75
def: an upward force exerted by a fluid on any object immersed in that fluid, which acts in opposition to gravitys downward pull
Buoyancy (Fb)
76
when gravity is bigger than buoyancy, what type of buoyancy is it?
negative buoyancy
77
colloid has what type of buoyancy?
neutral buoyancy
78
suspension has what type of buoyancy?
negative buoyancy
79
def: separation of a solid from a liquid carefully pouring out the liquid portion while leaving behind the solid portion of a solid in liquid mixture
decanting
80
def: The separation of a solid from a fluid by passing the mixture through a filter medium, which blocks and collects the solid, while allowing the liquid or the gas through
filtration
81
def: the solid left over on the filter medium after filtration
residue
82
def: the fluid that passes through the filter medium
filtrate
83
def: a separation technique in which rapidly spinning a sample in a centrifuge creates the force necessary to cause sedimentation
centrifugation
84
def: The collective term for various techniques that separate the solutes of a solution, based on their different interactions between a fluid mobile phase and a solid stationary phase
chromatography
85
4 terms to describe chromatography
analytes, mobile phase, stationary phase, chromatograph
86
def: the solutes we are trying to identify or purify
analytes
87
def: either a gas or liquid solvent flowing through the system
mobile phase
88
def: a solid over or through which the mobile phase flows
stationary phase
89
def: the device or apparatus that carries out the separation
chromatograph
90
def: A ratio comparing the progress an analyte makes across the stationary phase to the progress the solvent makes, for that analyte, in that solvent, on that stationary phase
Retention Factor (Rf)
91
def: a method for separating different solutes in solution based on their relative solubilities in two liquids that dont mix
solvent extraction
92
def: the removal of solvent from a dissolved solid via evaporation, leaving behind only the solid
drying
93
def: a technique for separating components from a liquid containing mixture using selective vaporization and condensation
distillation
94
def: the solid left over in the reboiler after distillation
residue
95
def: the liquid that condenses and collects in the distillation receiver
distillate
96
def: any ion derived from a single atom
monoatomic ion
97
def: an element that has only one possible ionic charge
single valent
98
def: any metal that has multiple possible ionic charges
multivalent
99
def: a group of atoms who bond together through electron sharing and covalent bonds, who collectively need to gain or lose one or more electrons, forming a molecular ion
polyatomic ion
100
def: any polyatomic ion that contains a non metal atom and some number of oxygen atoms
oxyanions
101
def: refers to a substance that contains no water
anhydrous
102
def: an inorganic salt that includes water molecules within its crystal lattice, with a definite ratio of water to salt
hydrate
103
substance that absorbs water from its surroudings
desiccant
104
binary covalent compounds contain ______
two non metals
