Chapter 2 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What are the four functions of life?
Movement
Metabolism
Reproduction
Response to environment
What are the three points of the cell theory?
- All organisms are made of one or more cells
- The cell is the structural and functional unit of life
- Cells can only arise from division of a pre existing cell
What were the requirements for the formation of the first cell?
- Organic molecules
- Molecules for catalysis of chemical reactions and self replication
- A barrier between the internal cell environment and the external environment
What provided the basic materials from which the first living organisms arose?
Who demonstrated this?
Spontaneous synthesis of organic molecules
Demonstrated by Stanley miller
What is the only molecule able to both catalyze chemical reactions and self replicate?
RNA
This makes it likely the first genetic material in an early stage of chemical evolution
What are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic- lack nuclear envelope and cytoplasmic organelles
Eukaryotic- has a nucleus and genetic material is separated from the cytoplasm and has cytoplasmic organelles
What are archaebacteria?
What are bacteria?
Archaebacteria were prevalent in primitive earth and often live in extreme environments
Bacteria are a large group of organisms that live in a wide range of environments like soil water and other organisms
What is Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)?
It’s structure?
Used as the typical prokaryotic cell that lives in human intestinal tract
E. coli is surrounded by a rigid cell wall composed of polysaccharides and peptides
Beneath the cell wall is the plasma membrane
It has DNA in a circular molecule called the
Nucleoid
Divided every 20 min
Differences between animal and plant cells? (Minor pictures)
Look at pictures on slides 18 and 19
What is the mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes?
Mitochondria- site of oxidative metabolism in eukaryotic cells
Lysosomes- specialized metabolic compartments for digestion of macromolecules
Peroxisomes- perform various oxidative reactions
What are the vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus?
Vacuoles have many function in plants cells- digestion of macromolecules and storage of waste products and nutrients
Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of intracellular membranes for transporting proteins
Golgi apparatus sorts and transports proteins destined for secretion
What are yeasts?
The simplest eukaryotes, more complex than bacteria but smaller and simpler than cells of animals and plants
What are the three main tissue systems that plants are organized into?
Ground tissue
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
What are the five main tissue systems in humans?
Epithelial- sheets that cover surface of body and line internal organs
Connective- bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue
Blood- red blood cells and white blood cells
Nervous- supporting cells and nerve cells (neutrons)
Muscle- production of force and movement
What are the four functions cells must do?
- be surrounded by a membrane
- use DNA as genetic material and RNA as carrier of info
- protein synthesis
- metabolism and specialization
What is the nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans?
Slide 36
Simple multicellular organism where the entire cell lineage is known
Easily grown and subjected to genetic manipulations
What is the fruit fly, or Drosophila Melanogaster?
Model organisms for study of cells since it’s easily maintained and bred in the laboratory
What is the most suitable animal for genetic analysis?
The rat since it’s easy to keep in a lab with a complete genome sequence
Who invented the first simple microscope and who made the first microscope able to magnify up to 300 times?
Robert Hooke invented first simple light microscope
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope magnified objects up to 300 times
What is phase contrast and differential interference-contrast microscopy? (One definition)
Optical systems that convert variations in density or thickness into contrast that can be seen without staining
This allows visualization of LIVE CELLS! they are alive while watching
Slide 45
What is fluorescence microscopy?
Used to study intracellular distribution of molecules
Fluorescent markers, dyes and proteins used to visualize proteins or structures in living cells
Slide 47 and 48
What was the first fluorescent protein discovered?
The green fluorescent protein
One of the major technological breakthroughs in visualization of living cells
What is confocal microscopy?
Specialized form of fluorescent microscopy
Allows for focus on a single plane in the specimen which provides a much sharper image
Multiple images are used to construct a 3D image
Slide 54
What is transmission electron microscopy?
Passes a beam of electrons through a specimen to form an image on a fluorescent screen
Requires sectioning of specimen
Slide 56
