Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Horizontal Plane
A
Looking down or up at a horizontal slice
2
Q
Coronal
A
Looking at the front or the back
3
Q
White Matter
A
Myelination (wrapped around axons) projections out from cell bodies. very few cell bodies but a lot of axons projecting out.
4
Q
Gray Matter
A
A bunch of cell bodies that are not myelinated so that they talk with each other in close proximity.
5
Q
Afferent axons
A
Sensory- in and up (on the dorsal aspect)
6
Q
Efferent axons
A
Motor- down and out (on the ventral aspect)
7
Q
three areas of the central nervous system
A
Spinal region, Brainstem/cerebellum region, Cerebral region.
8
Q
Spinal region
A
8,12,5,1 with 31 spinal segments
9
Q
Spinal roots
A
Dorsal Root and Ventral Root
10
Q
Dorsal horn
A
Sensory cell bodies
11
Q
Ventral horn
A
motor cell bodies
12
Q
columns
A
white matter (high concentration of myelin)
13
Q
Brainstem- Medulla
A
Most inferior piece of the brainstem.
14
Q
Pyramids of the medulla
A
Two rounded ridges right down the midline
15
Q
Pyramidal Decussation
A
a crossing the motor axons (left brain to right body and vice versa) similar crossing on dorsal aspect for sensory.
16
Q
Pons
A
is full of cell bodies that make a copy of how you intend to move and send that copy to the cerebellum.
17
Q
Midbrain
A
a grouping of white matter that connects to the cerebrum. Helps connect the head with the rest of the body (motor function)
18
Q
Cerebral Peduncle
A
Two arms that stick up like the Y in YMCA.
19
Q
Vital Centers
A
the pons and medulla contain autonomic vital centers that control our viscera. also contains centers of the brain that keep you awake- brainstem is vital.
20
Q
Cerebellum
A
Compares what you meant to do with what you are really doing and if those don’t match it helps to correct your movement. It ensures your movement.
21
Q
vermis
A
Midline of the cerebellum (helps to coordinate our core
22
Q
Two hemispheres of cerebellum
A
contain all the cells that help coordinate the movements of our arms and legs.
23
Q
Peduncles
A
code for a bundle of myelinated axons (white matter). COnnect the cerebellum to the rest of the nervous system. 3 bundles of peduncles on each side (superior, middle, inferior).
24
Q
Cranial Nerves
A
look up
25
Cerebrum- Diencephalon- Thalamus
a cluster of cell bodies that are part of the sensory pathway. a bit back behind center. Thalamus proper is right at the midline and just posterior from center. white oval cluster of cells. Sensory system
26
Basal Ganglia
cluster of cells at the base of the brain. left and right of midline and a little forward of center. Help you to plan movement (what muscles, how fast, what force)
27
Gyrus
out folding or little mountain on the surface of the cerebral cortex
28
Fissure
A deep separation generally between hemispheres or other big structures/separate structures.
29
Sulcus
An in folding or a shallow valley
30
Cerebrum- Frontal lobe
cells of motor function- voluntary motor function, a big cluster of cells that help us control executive function/thinking
31
Parietal lobe
cells of sensory function- somatosensory (body sensation) somato sensation
32
Temporal lobe
help with auditory function
33
Occipital lobe
help with visual functions
34
Limbic lobe
closely surrounds/applied over the 4 eggs (part of our primal brain)- emotions and memory
35
Insular lobe
gets folded in- buried under the frontal and parietal/temporal- helps with olfaction
36
Central sulcus
division between the frontal and parietal
37
Lateral sulcus
separates the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes (we can pull it apart to see the insular lobe)
38
Cingulate sulcus
separates the limbic lobe from everything else
39
Parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the parietal and occipital lobes. Somatosensory and vision lobe separation
40
Corpus Callosum
White matter bundle that connects one hemisphere to the other. Helps both sides communicate with each other.
41
Internal capsule
giant white matter bundle that connects the head with the rest of the body. Connects cells of the head with the rest of the body. All sensory and motor function between the head and the rest of the body.
42
Meningioma
Water balloons of connective tissue
43
1 giant water balloon outside the brain
Meninge- mechanically cushion brain and spinal cord, chemically protect brain and spinal cord
44
4 water balloons inside the brain
Ventricles- mechanically cushion brain and spinal cord, chemically protect brain and spinal cord
45
Lateral ventricles
two of them, one in each hemisphere
46
Interventricular foramen
two of them. helps the fluid go back to the heart. the connection from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
47
Third Ventricle
In midline right between the two thalami
48
Cerebral aqueduct
water way that allows fluid to flow out of the head (thin straw that connects the third ventricle to the fourth
49
Fourth ventricle
in between the pons and the cerebellum
50
Lateral foramina
two of them. down hill from 4th ventricle there are 3 holes that let fluid leak out of the brain into the covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
51
Median foramen
1 of the 3 holes that let fluid leak out of the brain into the covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
52
Pressure system
high pressure on artery side and low pressure on vein side
53
Dura Mater
Outer layer (tough) fairly thick and anchored to the skull up in the head and is anchored to bony spinal ring in the spin. Keeps the water balloon anchored in place.
54
Dura Outer Layer
Outer layer that splits and stays along the skull at the longitudinal fissure
55
Dura Inner Layer
Inner layer that splits and goes deep into the brain and extends the external water balloon so that it cushions the two hemispheres from each other. creates space called a sinus which collects used up blood and CSF to go back to the heart.
56
Tentorium Cerebelli
The tent over the cerebellum- between the occipital lobe and the cerebellum to cushion the cerebellum from the occipital lobe.
57
Subarachnoid space
space filled with a whole bunch of spider like webs dropping down from the arachnoid mater that create a space where the CSF flows. (circulates around the brain in the subarachnoid space)
58
Arachnoid Villi
a finger like projection that pokes through the inner dura mater. is a pipe for the CSF to flow from the subarachnoid space into the sinus.
59
Arachnoid Granulations
at the end of the villi (a bunch of grapes) that the CSF leak from to get into the sinus. Has a lot of surface area that the CSF can leak from.
60
Pia Mater
very thin connective tissue layer, closely applied to all of the brain and the spinal cord. Anchors the water balloon to the nervous system.
61
Choroid plexus
the strainer of formed elements from CSF. Little tiny thin walled capillaries with gaps poke into the ventricles that act like a strainer. Allow the fluid of blood to go into the ventricle but keep the cells of blood in the blood stream.
62
CSF
similar to plasma in blood. The water of blood but without the formed elements such as blood cells.
63
Hydrocephalus
Cerebral aqueduct gets plugged that leads to a swollen 1st and 2nd ventricles and then a swollen 3rd ventricle.
64
Meningitis
Affects the outer water balloon. inflammation of the meninges. Viral and Bacterial (bacterial is much worse). sinus infection from the nasal sinuses penetrate the dura and get into the water balloon. ONce virus is in the water balloon the virus can spread throughout the entire outer meninge. Leads to inflammation reaction that puts extra fluid and starts squeezing the nervous system.
65
Posterior blood supply
underneath sides of temporal lobe and to all of occipital lobe and all of the brain stem
66
Anterior blood supply
everything else (frontal lobe, top of temporal lobe, and the parietal lobe)
67
Anterior spinal artery
covers front half of the spinal cord (motor function)
68
Posterior spinal artery
Supply blood to roughly the back half. (sensory)
69
medullary arteries
collateral circulation that connects all three arteries together in a circulation.
70
segmental arteries
spinal arteries (segmental arteries) head out with each of the 31 spinal segments.
71
Vertebral arteries
Lay right in front of the medulla
72
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
breaks off of the vertebral artery and runs back to the bottom of the cerebellum
73
Basilar
two verebrals get to the top of the medulla and form one midline artery (basilar) right in front of the pons. sends two pairs of arteries back to the cerebellum
74
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
break off of the basilar and give blood to the bottom front of the cerebellum
75
superior cerebellar
From the top of the basilar artery and it gives blood to the top of the cerebellum
76
Posterior cerebral arteries
basilar splits at the top of the pons into the Posterior cerebral arteries which supply the occipital lobe and the bottom of the temporal lobe. (blood supply to the midbrain).
77
Internal Carotid
Part of the anterior and middle cerebrum blood supply. come of of the H of the Aorta. more anterior than the vertebral arteries.
78
anterior cerebral artery
branches off of the internal carotid. supplies all of the cortex in the longitudinal fissure medial surface of the frontal lobe and parietal, the limbic lobe, the mohawk arteries.
79
Middle cerebral artery
branches laterally from the internal carotid artery. Pokes way in between the temporal and the parietal lobe. supplies the lateral aspect of frontal and lateral aspect of parietal lobe as well as lateral aspect of the temporal lobe. Also supplies the basal ganglia and thalamus .
80
Anterior communicating arteries
part of the circle of willis. connects anterior cerebral artery of one side with the anterior cerebral artery of the other side. Brings the two sides together in the internal carotid system (left to right)
81
Posterior communicating arteries
connects the internal carotid to the vertebral basilar (front circulation to back circulation). Take off from the internal carotid and join with the posterior cerebral.
82
Circle of Willis
Left side internal carotid, one anterior cerebral to anterior communicating to right anterior cerebral past the internal carotid flowing through posterior communicating to one posterior cerebral, the other posterior cerebral and to the posterior communicating artery and back to the internal carotid.
83
Choroidal arteries
Branch off posterior cerebral and another off of the middle cerebral artery. give blood to thalamus and basil ganglia and provide CSF for the ventricular system inside the brain.
84
Striate arteries
branches off of the middle cerebral artery. provide blood to the basil ganglia (striatum also means basil ganglia)
85
Superior sagittal sinus
Extends from front of head to back of head. Located right on top of longitudinal fissure from front to back and is a major collector of CSF and venous blood (where the outer and inner dura split)
86
Inferior sagittal sinus
From back to front on the floor of the longitudinal fissure (deep).
87
Transverse Sinus
Two of them (each hemisphere) starts at center back of the head. on each side about the location of the ear they dump fluid into the jugular veins which take blood back to the heart to be reoxygenated. between the occipital lobe and cerebellum.
88
Fulx cerebri
Drags water balloon down to cushion two hemispheres from each other.
