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OB Marcos > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Individual differences

A

Ways in which people are similar and dissimilar in personal characteristics

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2
Q

Surface-level diversity

A

Involves individual differences in visible attributes such as race, sex, age, and physical abilities

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3
Q

Deep-level diversity

A

Involves individual differences in attributes such as personality and values

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4
Q

Self-concept

A

View individuals have of themselves as physical, social, spiritual, or moral beings

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5
Q

Self-awareness

A

Being aware of one’s own behaviours, preferences, styles, biases and personalities of others

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6
Q

Self-esteem

A

Belief about one’s worth based on an overall self-evaluation

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7
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Individual’s belief about the likelihood of successfully completing a specific task

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8
Q

Prejudice

A

Display of negative, irrational, and superior opinions and attitudes toward persons who are different from ourselves

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9
Q

Discrimination

A

Denial of minority members the full benefits of organizational membership

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10
Q

Glass ceiling effect

A

Invisible barrier limiting career advancements of women and minorities

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11
Q

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

A

Protects individuals against employment discrimination on the basis of race and colour, as well as national origin, sex and religion

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12
Q

Leaking pipeline

A

Describes how women drop out careers before reaching the top levels of organizations

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13
Q

Leadership double bind

A

Describes how women are seen as weak in leadership if they conform to the feminine stereotype and also weak if they go against it

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14
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act

A

Federal civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with disabilities

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15
Q

Universal design

A

Practice of designing products, buildings, pubic spaces, and programs to be usable by the greatest number of people

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16
Q

Stigma

A

Phenomenon whereby an individual is rejected as a result of an attribute that is deeply discredited by his or her society

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17
Q

Social identity theory

A

Theory developed to understand the psychological basis of discrimination

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18
Q

Feeling of “in-group membership”

A

Exists when individuals sense they are part of a group and experience favorable status and a sense of belonging

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19
Q

Feeling of “out-group membership”

A

Exists when individuals sense they are not part of a group and experience discomfort and low belongingness

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20
Q

Personality

A

Overall combination of characteristics that capture the unique nature of a person as that person reacts to and interacts with others

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21
Q

Personality traits

A

Enduring characteristics describing an individual’s behaviour

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22
Q

Extraversion

A

Degree to which someone is outgoing, social, and assertive. An extravert is comfortable and confident in interpersonal relationships

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23
Q

Agreeableness

A

Degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. An agreeable person gets along well with others

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24
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Degree to which someone is responsible, dependable and careful. A conscientious person focuses on what can be accomplished and meets commitments

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25
Q

Emotional stability

A

Degree to which someone is relaxed, secure, and un-worried. A person who is emotionally stable is calm and confident

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26
Q

Openness to experience

A

Degree to which someone is curious, open to new ideas, and imaginative. An open person is broad-minded, receptive to new things and comfortable with change

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27
Q

Social traits

A

Reflect how a person appears to others in social settings

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28
Q

Problem-solving style

A

How we gather and evaluate information when solving problems.

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29
Q

Personal conception traits

A

Personal beliefs and orientations toward settings and issues

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30
Q

Locus of control

A

Extent a person feels able to control his or her own life and is concerned with a person’s internal-external orientation

31
Q

Internal orientation

A

Control his/her fate of destiny

32
Q

External orientation

A

Believe that much of what happens to them is beyond their control and is determined by environmental forces

33
Q

Proactive personality

A

Disposition that identifies whether or not individuals act to influence their environments

34
Q

Authoritarianism

A

Tendency to adhere rigidly to conventional values and to obey recognized authority

35
Q

Dogmatism

A

Leads a person to see the world as a threatening place and to regard authority as absolute

36
Q

Machiavellianism

A

Causes someone to view and manipulate others purely for personal gain

37
Q

Self-monitoring

A

Person’s ability to adjust his or her behaviour to external situational factors

38
Q

Emotional adjustments traits

A

Traits related to how much an individual experiences emotional distress or displays unacceptable acts

39
Q

Type A orientation

A

Impatient, achievement oriented, and competitive

40
Q

Type B orientation

A

Easygoing and less competitive

41
Q

Stress

A

State of tension in response to extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities

42
Q

Outcomes of stress

A

Eustress and distress

43
Q

Eustress

A

Constructive stress that results in positive outcomes for the individual

44
Q

Distress

A

Destructive stress that is dysfunctional for the individual

45
Q

Task demands

A

Being asked to do too much or being asked to do too little

46
Q

Role ambiguities

A

Not knowing what one is expected to do r how work performance is evaluated

47
Q

Role conflicts

A

Feeling unable to satisfy multiple, possibly conflicting, performance expectations

48
Q

Ethical dilemmas

A

Being asked to do things that violate the law or personal values

49
Q

Interpersonal problems

A

Experiencing bad relationships or working with others with whom one does not get along

50
Q

Career developments

A

Moving too fast and feeling stretched (or vice-versa)

51
Q

Physical setting

A

Being bothered by noise, lack of privacy, pollution or other unpleasant working conditions

52
Q

Job burnout

A

Loss of interest in or satisfaction with a job due to stressful working conditions

53
Q

Coping

A

Response or reaction to distress that has occurred or is threatened

54
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

Mechanisms that manage the problem that is causing the distress

55
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Mechanisms that regulate emotions or distress

56
Q

Personal wellness

A

Involves the pursuit of one’s job and career goals with the support of a personal health promotion program

57
Q

Values

A

Broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes

58
Q

Terminal values

A

Reflect a person’s preferences concerning the “ends” to be achieved

59
Q

Instrumental values

A

Reflect a person’s beliefs about the means to achieve desired ends

60
Q

The “Megilino Values Schema” is composed of:

A

Achievement,
Helping and concern for others,
Honesty,
and Fairness

61
Q

Achievement

A

Getting things done and working hard to accomplish difficult things in life

62
Q

Helping and concern for others

A

Being concerned for other people and with helping others

63
Q

Honesty

A

Telling the truth and doing what you feel is right

64
Q

Fairness

A

Being impartial and doing what is fair for all concerned

65
Q

Culture

A

Learned and shared way of thinking and acting among a group of people and society

66
Q

Cultural quotient

A

Describes someone’s ability to work effectively across cultures

67
Q

What are the five dimensions of national culture?

A
  1. Power distance
  2. Uncertainty avoidance
  3. Individualism-collectivism
  4. Masculinity-femininity
  5. Long-term/short-term orientation
68
Q

Power distance

A

Culture’s acceptance of the status and power differences among its members

69
Q

Uncertainty avoidance

A

Cultural tendency to be uncomfortable with uncertainty and risk in everyday life

70
Q

Individualism-collectivsim

A

Tendency of members of a culture to emphasize individual self-interests or groups relationships

71
Q

Masculinity-femininity

A

Degree to which a society values assertiveness or relationships

72
Q

Long-term/short-term orientation

A

Degree to which a culture emphasizes long-term or short-term thinking

73
Q

Ecological fallacy

A

Acting with the mistaken assumption that a generalized cultural value applies equally to all members of the culture

OB Marcos (2 decks)

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