Chapter 2

Question 1

inorganic

Answer 1

non-living molecules that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as salt (NaCl)

Question 2

polar molecule or polarity

Answer 2

has positive and negative ends because of unequal sharing of electrons. H20 is polar and with it’s O atoms having a partial negative charge and it’s H atoms having a partial positive charge.

Question 3

hydrogen bond

Answer 3

weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule

Question 4

cohesion

Answer 4

cohesion is the mutual attraction between like molecules that causes them to stick together.

Question 5

universal solvent

Answer 5

a liquid that dissolves many substances

Question 6

hydrophilic

Answer 6

water-loving molecules that are polar in nature

Question 7

hydrophobic

Answer 7

water-hating molecules that are non-polar

Question 8

temperature regulator

Answer 8

resisting change in temperature to stay balanced and within required range; keeps temperatures constant; is slow to heat or cool

Question 9

lubricant

Answer 9

an oily or slippery substance to diminish friction between two surfaces; a substance that aids in movement

Question 10

pH

Answer 10

measure of the the amount of free hydrogen ions (H+) in a system

Question 11

acid

Answer 11

molecules that have a pH level less than 7, dissociate in water, and release hydrogen ions (H+)

Question 12

base

Answer 12

molecules that either release hydroxide ions (OH-) or take up hydrogen ions (H+); bases have a pH greater than 7

Question 13

buffer

Answer 13

a compound or combination of compounds (often a weak acid or base and a related salt) that keeps the pH of a solution within its normal limits

Question 14

hemoglobin

Answer 14

a blood buffer that picks up or releases hydrogen ions

Question 15

organic

Answer 15

always contain carbon and hydrogen and often oxygen. Derived from living organisms.

Question 16

biomolecule

Answer 16

a molecule that is produced by a living organism, each has a base form called a monomer

Question 17

carbohydrates

Answer 17

made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1; the empirical or simplest formula for any carbohydrate is (CH2O)

Question 18

cellulose

Answer 18

a polysaccharide that makes cell walls hard enough to permit non-woody plants to stand upright if they receive adequate water

Question 19

dehydration synthesis

Answer 19

a common process that joins monomers to build polymers; an -OH group (hydroxyl group) and an -H group (hydrogen atom) are removed as the reaction proceeds; as the monomers join, a water molecule is produced

Question 20

disaccharides

Answer 20

(di, two; saccharide, sugar) composed of double sugars; dehydration synthesis is the process that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide

Question 21

hydrolysis

Answer 21

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

Question 22

maltose

Answer 22

two glucose molecules joined together; a disaccharide

Question 23

monomer

Answer 23

simple organic molecules that exist individually or link with other monomers to form a polymer

Question 24

monosaccharides

Answer 24

molecules such as glucose and fructose, which are single sugars; each has a similar chemical formula of C6H12O6

Question 25

polymer

Answer 25

a macromolecule created by the dehydration reaction of monomers

Question 26

lipids

Answer 26

Include steroids, such as the sex hormones and cholesterol, which serve very important functions in the body; fats and oils, which act as energy storage molecules in organisms, are also lipids; lipids are unable to dissolve in water because they are neutral (non-polar)

Question 27

neutral fats

Answer 27

Another term for triglycerides (fats and oils) but the neutral means the molecule is non-polar or neutral

Question 28

phospholipids

Answer 28

Phospholipids are constructed similar to neutral fats (triglycerides), except a phosphate group takes the place of one of the fatty acids; the main constituent of the plasma membrane; hydrophilic (water-loving) heads of the molecule face the outsides and insides of the cell; hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails face each other in the inner part of the membrane

Question 29

saturated fatty acids

Answer 29

Solid at room temperature (e.g., lard and butter); they have the maximum number of hydrogens on the fatty acid chains

Question 30

unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 30

Liquids at room temperature (e.g., olive and peanut oils); these molecules have double bonds between any two carbon atoms that have less than two hydrogens attached to them

Question 31

steroids

Answer 31

Has a backbone of four fused carbon rings, each one differing primarily by the functional group attached to it, and by the arrangements if the rings; hormones such as estrogen, aldosterone, and testosterone are steroids

Question 32

triglycerides

Answer 32

Triglycerides are made of one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules; the fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, and end with the acidic group COOH

Question 33

polysaccharides starch

Answer 33

Polysaccharides are long chain molecules that contain many glucose subunits

Question 34

proteins

Answer 34

Polymers with amino acid monomers; include all antibodies, enzymes, most hormones, and much of structural support in the tissues of our bodies; structure consists of polymers made from the twenty different amino acids found in cells

Question 35

amino acids

Answer 35

Has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups that include an amino group (–NH2), an acidic group (–COOH), and an R group, so named because it is the remainder of the molecule

Question 36

enzyme

Answer 36

A biological catalyst that speeds up the chemical reactions that occur in the body; does this by lowering the activation energy required for each chemical reaction

Question 37

hormones

Answer 37

A chemical messenger that travels through the body and influences cell functions, such as metabolism, growth and development, and homeostasis

Question 38

peptide bond

Answer 38

(C-N) covalent bonds that join two amino acids

Question 39

primary protein (include structure description)

Answer 39

A linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N) that formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 40

secondary protein (include structure description)

Answer 40

Looks like a primary protein coiled into a slinky

Question 41

tertiary protein (include structure description)

Answer 41

A three-dimensional structure created by a secondary protein that has folded back upon itself

Question 42

quaternary protein (include structure description)

Answer 42

Made of two or more tertiary proteins joined together

Question 43

plasma proteins

Answer 43

The liquid portion of the blood; mainly consists of water; 7% to 8% of plasma consists of proteins

Question 44

nucleic acids

Answer 44

There are two types of nucleic acids; DNA and RNA; both are polymers of nucleotides

Question 45

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Answer 45

Thought to look like a twister ladder; deoxyribonucleic acid has a double helix structure and codes for the order in which amino acids join to form a protein; sugars and phosphates form a linear sugar-phosphate-sugar backbone, and the bases project from the sides of the backbone; adenine (A) will always bond with thymine (T), and guanine (G) will always bond with cytosine (C)

Question 46

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 46

Ribonucleic acid that conveys DNA's instructions for the amino acid sequence in a protein

Question 47

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 47

(ATP) high-energy molecules used by the cell to synthesize macromolecules, such as carbohydrates and proteins

Question 48

nucleotide

Answer 48

Composed of three main parts: a phosphate group (phosphoric acid), a pentose sugar (DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose), and a nitrogen-containing base

Question 49

double helix

Answer 49

Describes the appearance of a DNA molecule