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Bio Psych > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

basic information-processing unit of the nervous systems

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2
Q

glial cells

A

support cells within the nervous system

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3
Q

dendrites

A

neuron structure that receives information

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4
Q

cell body

A

neuron structure that housed the cell nucleus and integrates incoming information

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5
Q

axon

A

neuron structure that takes information into is destination; may be coated with myelin

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6
Q

axon terminal

A

neuron structure that passes information onward, from one neuron to the next

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7
Q

axon hillock

A

where the cell body meets the axon; triggers the action potential when threshold is reached

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8
Q

motor neurons

A

stimulates muscles

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9
Q

sensory neurons

A

respond to physical stimuli

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10
Q

efferent pathways

A

carry information from the CNS to the body

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11
Q

afferent pathways

A

carry information from the body to the CNS

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12
Q

interneurons

A

receive input from and sent input to other neurons

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13
Q

multipolar neuron

A

has one axon, many dendrites

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14
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one axon, one dendrite

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15
Q

unipolar neuron

A

has a single branch that forms an input and an output zone

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16
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

axon terminal of the sending neuron

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17
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

dendrite of the receiving neuron

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18
Q

synaptic cleft

A

tiny gap or space between two neurons

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19
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical molecules that released into the synaptic cleft

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20
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

tiny bubbles in the axon terminal that store neurotransmitter molecules

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21
Q

neurotransmitter receptors

A

proteins embedded in the cell membrane that react to neurotransmitter molecules

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22
Q

dendritic spines

A

studs on the dendrite surface that form connections with other neurons

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23
Q

axonal transport

A

two-way movement of materials along mircotubules inside the axon

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24
Q

myelin

A

layer of fatty insulation surrounding axons

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25
oligondendrocyte
a glial cell that creates myelin in the CNS
26
Schwann cell
a glial cell that creates myelin in the PNS
27
nodes of Ranvier
sections of exposed axon located between section of myelin
28
astrocyte
glial cell that stretches between neurons & blood vessels; forms the blood-brain barrier
29
microglial cells
remove debris from injured cells
30
central nervous system (CNS)
parts of the nervous system that are encased in bone; brain & spinal cord
31
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
parts of the nervous system that are not encased in bone
32
tract
bundle of axons in the CNS
33
nerve
bundle of axons in the PNS
34
nucleaus
a cluster of cell bodies processing similar information in the CNS
35
ganglion
a cluster of cell bodies processing similar information in the PNS
36
cranial nerves
12 pair of sensory and motor nerves that connect directly to the brain
37
spinal nerves
31 pairs of sensor an motor nerves that connect directly in to the spinal cord
38
autonomic nervous system
PNS component that automatically controls all of the glands and internal organs of your body
39
sympathetic nervous system
prepares the body for immediate action; triggers the fight -or-fight response
40
parasympathetic nervous system
helps the body relax, recuperate, & prepare for future action; regulates the rest-and-digest response
41
cerebral cortex
the outermost covering of the cerebral hemispheres
42
gyrus
a ridge of tissue on the cerebral cortex
43
sulcus
a groove or indention on the cerebral cortex
44
precentral gyrus
most posterior gyrus in the frontal lobe; contains the primary motor cortex
45
postcentral gyrus
most anterior gyrus in the parietal lobe; contains primary somatosensory cortex
46
central sulcus
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
47
sylvian fissure
separates the frontal & parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
48
longitudinal fissure
divides the cerebral cortex into a right and left hemisphere
49
corpus callosum
bundle of axons that connects the right and left hemisphere of the cortex
50
white matter
composed of myelinated axons
51
gray matter
composed of unmyelinated dendrites and cell bodies
52
basal ganglia
subcortical nuclei that are important for motor control and reward
53
limbic system
system of subcortical structures that are involved in memory, motivation, and mood
54
amygdala
almond-shaped structure that processes info about emotion & odor
55
hippocampus
brain structure that is important for learning and memory
56
cingulate gyrus
brain structure that is important for attention & focus cognitive functions
57
olfactory bulb
brain structure that processes smell
58
thalamus
relay station for all incoming sensory information except for smell
59
hypothalamus
brain structure that regulates hormone release and control motivated behaviors
60
tectum
a set of midbrain sensory systems for visual and auditory information
61
reticular formation
midbrain system that helps regulate sleep, temperature, and movement
62
cerebellum
hindbrain structure responsible for sequenced movements and coordination
63
medulla
connects the brain to the spinal cord; carries out essential tasks for survival, such as regulating heartbeat
64
meninges
a set of protective membranes that surround the CNS
65
dura mater
"tough mother," hard layer of meninges
66
pia mater
"tender mother'; softer inner layer of the meninges
67
arachnoid mater
spongy middle layer of the meninges, filled with cerbrospinal fluid (CSF)
68
venticular system
a set of flud-filled openings inside the brain
69
choroid plexus
a membrane that lines the lateral ventricle; produces cerebrospinal fluid
70
lateral
toward the side
71
medial
toward the middle
72
superior
above;higher
73
inferior
lower; below
74
anterior
toward the front
75
posterior
towards the back
76
dorsal
toward the back of the body or the top of the head
77
ventral
toward the front of the body or the bottom of the brain
78
rostral
toward the nose
79
caudal
toward the tailbone
80
ipsilateral
located on the same side of the body
81
contralateral
located on the opposite side of the body
82
neuroplasticity aka neural plasticity
ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment
83
edema
swelling of any body tissue, including the brain
84
gross neuroanatomy
anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye
85
peripheral nervous system
the portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
86
motor nerve
a nerve that transmits information from the CNS

Bio Psych (2 decks)

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