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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Model

A

An analogy used by scientists, usually to describe or explain a phenomenon or process they cannot directly observe

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2
Q

Multipath model

A

A model that provides an organizational framework for understanding the numerous influences on the development of mental disorders, the complexity of their interacting components , and the need to view disorders from a holistic framework

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3
Q

Dimension one: Biological factors

A

Genetics, brain anatomy and physiology, CNS functioning, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and so forth

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4
Q

Dimension two: Psychological factors

A

Personality, emotions, learning, coping skills, and so forth

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5
Q

Dimension three: Social factors

A

Family and other interpersonal relationships, social support, community connections, and so forth

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6
Q

Dimension four: Sociocultural factors

A

Race, gender, sexual orientation, spirituality or religion, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture, and so forth

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7
Q

Impulsivity

A

A tendency to act quickly without careful thought

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8
Q

Protective factors

A

Conditions or attributes that lessen or eliminate the risk of a negative psychological or social outcome

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9
Q

Resilience

A

The ability to recover from stress or adversity

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10
Q

The forebrain

A

Responsible for higher level mental processes

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11
Q

The midbrain

A

Involved with basic functions such as hearing and vision, motor movement, alertness and sleep/ wake cycles and temp regulation

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12
Q

The hindbrain

A

The most primitive brain region; designed for self-preservation and survival; responsible for instinctive behavior, balance and equilibrium, and heartbeat, respiration, and digestion

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The outermost layers of the brain tissue; covers the cerebrum; consists of neurons

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14
Q

Neurons

A

A nerve cell that transmits messages throughout the body

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15
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

The outer most layer of the prefrontal lobe responsible for inhibiting instinctive responses and performing complex cognitive behavior such as attention and emotions

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16
Q

Executive functioning

A

Mental processes that involve the planning, organizing, and attention required to meet short term and long term goals

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17
Q

Limbic system

A

The group of deep brain structures associated with emotions, decision making, and memory formation

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18
Q

Amygdala

A

The brain structure involved with psychological reactivity and emotional memories (Anger and fear)

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

The brain structure involved with the formation, organization, and storing of emotionally relevant memories

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20
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

A system that coordinates basic psychological functions and regulates physical responses associated with emotional reactions

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The brain structure that regulates bodily drives, such as huger, thirst, and sexual responses, and temp and circadian rhythms

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22
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)

A

A system activated under conditions of stress or emotional arousal

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23
Q

Pituitary gland

A

A gland that stimulates hormones associates with growth, sexual and repro development, metabolism, and stress response

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24
Q

Hormones

A

Regulatory chemicals that influence various physiological activities, such as metabolism, digestion, growth, and mood

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25
Adrenal gland
A gland that releases sex hormones and other hormones, such as cortisol, in response to stress
26
Glia
Cells that support and protect neurons, including shaping the brains neural circuits
27
Neural circuits
The signal relaying network of interconnected neurons.
28
Dendrites
A short, rootlike structure on the neuron cell body that receives signals from other neurons
29
Axon
An extension on the neuron cell body that sends signals to other neurons, muscles, and glands
30
Myelin
White, fatty material that surrounds and insulates axons
31
Myelination
The process by which the myelin sheaths increase the efficiency of signal transmission between nerve cells; by providing tracks along which regrowth can occur
32
White matter
Brain tissue comprised of myelinated nerve pathways
33
Gray matter
Brain tissue comprised of the cell bodies of neurons and glia
34
Neurotransmitters
Any group of chemicals that help transmit messages between neurons
35
Synapse
A tiny gap that exists between the axon of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron
36
Reuptake
The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter after an impulse has been transmitted across the synapse
37
Neuroplasticity
The process by which the brain changes to compensate for injury or to adapt to environmental changes
38
Heredity
The genetic transmission of personal characteristics
39
Traits
A distinguishing quality or characteristic
40
Genes
Segments of DNA coded with info needed for the biological inheritance of various traits
41
Genotype
A person's genetic makeup
42
Phenotype
Observable physical and behavioral characteristics resulting from the interaction between the genotype and the environment
43
Gene expression
The process by which information encoded in a gene is translated into a specialized function or phenotype; determines if genes are turned on or off
44
Genetic mutations
An alteration in a gene that changes the instructions within the gene
45
Allels
The gene pair responsible for a specific trait
46
Epigenetics
A field of biological research focused on understanding how environmental factors influence gene expression
47
Extrapyramidal Symptoms
Side effects of antipsychotic medications that can effect a persons gait, movement, or posture
48
Psychodynamic models
Model that views disorders as the result of childhood trauma or anxieties and that many of these childhood based anxieties operate unconsciously
49
Defense Mechanism
In psychoanalytic theory, an ego protection strategy that shelters the individual from anxiety, operates unconsciously, and distorts reality
50
Repression
Preventing forbidden/ dangerous thoughts/ desires from entering one's consciousness
51
Reaction formation
Acting in a manner opposite to one's unconscious wishes / feelings
52
Projection
Distancing oneself from unwanted desires/thoughts by attributing them to others
53
Rationalization
Explaining one's behavior by giving socially acceptable reasons unrelated to ones true motives
54
Displacement
Directing an emotion, such as hostility/anxiety, toward a substitute target
55
Undoing
Attempting to right a wrong or negate an unconscious thought, impulse, or act
56
Regression
Retreating to an earlier developmental level that demands less mature responses and aspirations
57
Behavioral Models
Models of psychopathology concerned with the role of learning in abnormal behavior
58
Classical conditioning
A process in which responses to new stimuli are learned through association
59
Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)
The stimulus that elicits an unconditional response
60
Unconditioned response (UCR)
The unlearned response made to an unconditioned stimulus
61
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired some of the properties of another stimulus with which it has been paired
62
Conditioned response (CR)
In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired some of the properties of another stimulus with which it has been paired
63
Extinction
The decrease or cessation of a behavior due to the gradual weakening of a classically or operantly conditioned response
64
Operant conditioning
The theory of learning that holds that behaviors are controlled by consequences that follow them
65
Operant behavior
Voluntary and controllable behavior, such as walking/thinking, that operates on an individuals environment
66
Reinforcers
Anything that influences the frequency or magnitude of a behavior
67
Positive Reinforcement
Desirable actions/ rewards that increase the likelihood of a particular behavior will occur
68
Humanistic Perspective
The optimistic viewpoint that people are born with the ability to fulfill their full potential an that abnormal behavior results from disharmony between a persons potential and self concept
69
Conjoint system
(Virginia Satir 1967) Stresses the importance of clear and direct communication and teaches message sending and receiving skills to family members
70
Strategic family approaches
(Haley 1963, 1967) Consider power struggles within the family and focuses on developing a more healthy power distribution
71
Structural family approaches
(Minuchin 1974) Attempt to recognize family relationships based on the assumption that family dysfunction occurs when family members have too much/too little involvement with each other
72
Acculturative stress
The psychological, physical, and social pressures experienced by individuals who are adapting to a new culture
73
Universal Shamanic Tradition
The set of beliefs and practices from non western indigenous traditions that assume that special healers are blessed with powers

Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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