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Chapter 2 Abbas Flashcards

1
Q

CD4 cells are — T Cells

A

Helper T Cells

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2
Q

CD8 cells are — T Cells

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

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3
Q

CD stands for

A

Cluster of Differentiation

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4
Q

Three challenges that the immune system has to confront to generate an effect protective response against infective pathogens

A
  1. Respond rapidly to many different types of microbes that can be introduced at any site in the body
  2. The adaptive immune response has very few naive lymphocytes that specifically recognize and respond to one antigen
    3/ The effector mechanisms of the adaptive immune system (antibodies and effector T cells) may have to locate and destroy microbes at any sites that are distant from the site where the immune respond was induced
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5
Q

Name the cells that serve specialized roles in the innate and adaptive immune responses

A

Phagocytes, dendritic cells (DC), antigen specific lymphocytes and various other leukocytes that function to eliminate antigens

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6
Q

Where are the cells that service specialized roles in the innate and adaptive immune response derived from

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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7
Q

Give me an example of myeloid cells

A

Phagocytes or DCs

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8
Q

Give me an example of lymphoid cells

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

Where do the response of lymphocytes to antigens generally occur?

A

In the lymphoid or other tissues

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10
Q

How are the populations of the cells in the immune system distinguished?

A

Through the expression of various membrane proteins

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11
Q

Give me an additional function of the membrane proteins found on immune cells aside from distinguishing one type from another

A

They have many functions in the cells types in which they are expressed

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12
Q

What is the most common way to determine if a particular marker is expressed on a cell

A

Monoclonal antibodies - each specific for a different molecule and labelled with probes that can be readily detected on cell surfaces by use of an appropriate instrument

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13
Q

Give me an example of two different types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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14
Q

What is the primary function of phagocytes

A

To ingest and destroy microbes and remove damaged tissues

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15
Q

Give me the functional response of phagocytes in host defence

A
  1. Recruitment of cells to the site of infection
  2. Recognition of and activation by microbes
  3. Ingestion of the microbes by the process of phagocytosis
  4. Destruction of the ingested microbes
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16
Q

How do phagocytes communicate with other cells in ways that promote or regulate immune response

A

CYTOKINES!!!!!!! [Secretion]

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17
Q

Bone marrow produces which two types of actively phagocytic cells

A

Blood neutrophils and monocytes

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18
Q

Blood neutrophils and monocytes circulate the blood and are

A

Actively recruited to the site inflammation

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19
Q

Which response is more rapid - Neutrophils or Monocytes

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

Which cell can live for long periods - Neutrophils or Monocytes

A

Monocytes

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21
Q

Which cell does monocyte become in the tissues

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

Is the macrophage response longer or shorter

A

Longer

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23
Q

What does the neutrophils rely on to mount a rapid, transient response

A

Cytoskeletal rearrangements and enzyme assembly

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24
Q

What does the macrophages rely on to mount a response

A

New gene transcription

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25
Origin of Neutrophils
HSCs in bone marrow
26
Origin of Macrophages
HSCs in bone marrow in inflammatory reactions | Many tisssue resident macrophages stem cells in yolk sac or fetal liver
27
Life span in tissues of Neutrophils
1 -2 days
28
Life span of tissues in Macrophages
Inflammatory macrophages - days or weeks | Tissue resident macrophages - years
29
Neutrophils response to activating stimuli
Rapid, short lived enzymatic activativity
30
Macrophage response to activating stimuli
More prolonged, slower, often dependent on new gene transcription
31
Phagocytosis by Neutrophils
Rapidly induced by assembly of phagocyte oxidase
32
Phagocytosis by Macrophages
Less prominent
33
Nitric oxide in Neutrophils
Low levels or none
34
Nitric oxide levels in Macrophages
Induced following transcriptional activation of iNOS
35
Degranulation by Neutrophils
Major response; induced by cytoskeletal rearrangement
36
Degranulation in Macrophages
Not prominent
37
Cytokine production by Neutrophils
Low levels per cells
38
Cytokine production by Macrophages
Major functional activity, large amounts per cell requires transcriptional activation of cytokine genes
39
NET formation by Neutrophils Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Rapidly induced by extrusion of nuclear contents
40
NET formation by Macrophage
No
41
Secretion of lysosomal enzymes by Neutrophils
Prominent
42
Secretion of lysosomal enzymes by Macrophages
Less
43
Alternative name for Neutrophils
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs)
44
Name the two types of membrane bound granules that can be found in the PMNs/Neutrophils
``` Specific granules (majority - lysozymes, collagenase and elastase - do not stain acidic or basic) Azurophilic granules contains enzymes and microbicidal substances (defensins and cathelicidins) ```
45
What substances stimulates the production of Neutrophils
G-CSF - granulocyte colony stimulating factor | GM-CSF - granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
46
Major function of neutrophils
Phagocytose microbes especially opsonized microbes and products of necrotic cells and destroy these in phagolysosomes
47
What are the consequences of neutrophils producing granule contents andantimicrobial substances
1. Kill extracellular microbes | 2. Damage healthy tissues
48
In adults what drives the monocyte- macrophage lineage in the bone marrow
Cytokine called monocyte/macophage colony stimulating factor M-CSF
49
What is the most common form of monocyte
Inflamatory monocytes
50
What do inflammatory monocytes produce
Inflammatory mediators
51
What is the function that inflammatory monocytes do
Phagocytic
52
What CDs are present that identify inflammatory monocytes
High cell surface expression of CD14 - lack of expression of CD16 and the expression of chemokine receptor CCR2
53
What is the second type of circulating monocyte -
Nonclassical monocyte
54
When are inflammatory monocytes recruited
When there is an infection
55
When are nonclassical monocytes recruited
After infection or injury
56
Name the CDs present on Nonclassical Monocytes
Low levels of CD14, high levels of CD16 and expression of chemokine receptor CX3CR1
57
Aside from ingesting microbes, give another function that macrophages fulfil
Ingesting necrotic host cells, including cells that die in tissues because of the effects of toxins, trauma or interrupted blood supply
58
Why is it a good thing that macrophages recognize and engulf apoptotic cells?
So that the dead cells can be cleaned up before they can release their contents and induce an inflammatory response
59
How do macrophages enhance and amplify the protective response against microbes?
They are activated by microbial substances, they secrete several different cytokines that act on endothelial cells lining blood vessels to enhance recruitment of more monocytes and other leukocytes from the blood into sites of infection
60
Give another function of macrophages
Serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) displaying fragments of protein antigens to activate T lymphocytes (important in effector phase of T cell mediated immune response)
61
ANOTHER function of macrophages
Promote repair of damaged tissues by stimulating new blood vessel growth and synthesis of collagen rich extracellular matrix WHICH IS MEDIATED BY CYTOKINE SECRETION
62
When are macrophages also activated
When other plasma membrane receptors bind osponins on the surface of microbes. Oposinins are substances that coat particles and tag them for phagocytosis
63
Give an example of opsonin receptors
Complement receptors that attached to microbial surfaces and IgG FC receptors which bind to one of the IgG antibody molecule
64
What are the two types of macrophages
M1 and M2
65
What is the function of M1 macrophages?
Killing microbes through classical activation
66
What is the function of M2 macrophages
Promote tissue remodelling and repair through alternative activation
67
What influences the functional capabilities of macrophages
Through exposure to different cytokines made by subsets of T-cells
68
Where are mast cells derived from
Bone marrow
69
Where are mast cells found
In skin and mucosal epithelia
70
What do they release
Potent inflammatory mediators that defend against parasite infections or cause symptoms of allergic disease such as histamine and acidic proteoglycans
71
Which cytokine is essential for mast cell development
c-Kit lligand
72
What does the acidic proteoglycans found in mast cells bind to and what colour does it turn
Basic dyes and blue
73
What other things can Mast cells produce depending on the stimuli
CYTOKINES
74
What is the action of histamine on the body
Change the blood vessels and cause inflammation
75
What type of antibody are mast cells coated in
IgE
76
How are mast cells activated
When antigens bind with the IgE antibodies found on surface of mast cells
77
Mast cells - innate or adaptive
Innate
78
Give me ANOTHER function of mast cells and briefly how it occurs
Mast cells are also activated when they recognize microbial products

Immunology (1 decks)

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