Chapter 2- Alexander II

Question 1

How many serfs did he emancipate in 1861

Answer 1

51 million

Question 2

What was his nickname

Answer 2

‘The tsar liberator’

Question 3

What fuelled Alexander’s desire to emancipate the Serfs

Answer 3

His tutor Vasily Zhukovsky

Travels around the empire under Nicholas I

Spending time with ‘enlightened beurocrats’ such as the Milyutin brothers

His brother (Grand Duke Konstantin)

His aunt (Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna)

Question 4

How did Alexander start his reign

Answer 4

Releasing political prisoners and pardoning the Decembrists

Relaxed censorship

Lessened university and travel restrictions

Cancelled tax debts

Have old liberties back to Poland and the Catholic Church

Question 5

How did Alexander try to gain nobles support for emancipation

Answer 5

Traveled round the countryside preaching pro-emancipation speeches (1958-1959)

Question 6

Who did the original emancipation edict free

Answer 6

Privately owned serfs

Question 7

When did state Serge get their freedom

Answer 7

1966

Question 8

How long did serfs have to pay redemption payments for

Answer 8

49 years

Question 9

What was the name of peasant communes who were responsible for distributing land and collecting taxes

Answer 9

Mir

Question 10

What were introduced to oversee the Mir

Answer 10

Volosts

Question 11

What did the volosts do

Answer 11

Oversaw the Mir

Had their own courts to replace landlords jurisdiction over Serfs

Question 12

How many peasants remained ‘temporarily obligated’ to their lord until 1881

Answer 12

15%

Question 13

What percentage of the peasantry were production surplus by 1878

Answer 13

50%

Question 14

How many riots were there in the first four months following the emancipation

Answer 14

647

Question 15

What is an example of a riot following the emancipation

Answer 15

Bezdna riot where 70 peasants were killed

Question 16

What was the effect of emancipation on many nobles

Answer 16

Bankruptcy

Question 17

What military reforms did Alexander make

Answer 17

Conscription was made compulsory for all classes

Minimum service reduced from 25 to 15 years

Punishments made less harsh and military colonies abolished

Modern weaponry used

Military colleges set up to provide better training to those of lower classes

Army literacy improved as a result of army literacy campaigns

Question 18

What war did Russia partake in following Crimea

Answer 18

Turkey 1877-1878

Question 19

What local government reforms did Alexander make

Answer 19

Introduced zemstva

Question 20

How were the Zemstva elected and what was the problem with this

Answer 20

Through electoral colleges

This favoured the higher classes

Question 21

What did the zenstva get given power to do

Answer 21

Improve public services

Develop industrial projects

Provide poor relief

Question 22

When were the zemstva introduced to towns

Answer 22

1870

Question 23

What percentage of nobles and peasants made up district zemstvas

Answer 23

42% nobles

38% peasants

Question 24

What percentage of nobles and peasants made up provincial zemstvas

Answer 24

74% nobles

10.5% peasants

Question 25

What judiciary reforms were made in 1864

Answer 25

Innocent until proven guilty Everyone had the right to be placed in front of a randomly selected jury Judges were better payed and trained Judges selected by the tsar Courts were open to the public and the press

Question 26

What was the problem with the new judicial laws

Answer 26

Some judges and jury’s used it as a platform to criticise the tsar by acquitting people they felt pity for

Question 27

What were the new judicial reforms based off

Answer 27

The west

Question 28

What was a limitation of the judicial reforms

Answer 28

Trial by jury never established in Poland the Caucuses and the western provinces

Question 29

What education reforms were made in 1864

Answer 29

Universities could govern themselves ans appoint their own staff Zemstva got control of education over the Orthodox Church Woman allowed at primary ans vocational schools after 1870

Question 30

How did the numbers of children in primary schools change between 1856-1880

Answer 30

8000 to 23000 schools 400000 to a million students

Question 31

What censorship reforms were made in 1858-1870

Answer 31

Restrictions on publications reduced Foreign publications allowed with government approval Pires could print editorials that commented on government policy

Question 32

How did the number of books published per year change from 1855 to 1894

Answer 32

1020 in 1855 1836 in 1864 10,691 in 1894

Question 33

How did the population of Russia change from 1950-97

Answer 33

grew from 80-122m

Question 34

what was the Russian population in 1958

Answer 34

74 million

Question 35

how much of the Russian population were serfs in 1958

Answer 35

24 million serfs 19 million state owned peasants population was 70 million

Question 36

what percentage of the population worked the land in 1958

Answer 36

85%

Question 37

when was the first assassination attempt on Alexander II

Answer 37

1966

Question 38

what made Alexander II more reactionary

Answer 38

first assassination attempt

Question 39

when was the Circassian genocide

Answer 39

1863

Question 40

how many were killed in the Circassian genocide

Answer 40

800,000

Question 41

what percentage of the caucasus region was deported or killed

Answer 41

97%

Question 42

how many books were published in 1955 compared to 1964

Answer 42

1955- 1,020 1964- 1,894

Question 43

what percentage of soldiers had a gun in the crimean war

Answer 43

50%

Question 44

when was Alaska sold to the USA

Answer 44

1867

Question 45

what was the league of the three emperors

Answer 45

alliance between Russia, Germany and Austro-hungary

Question 46

when was the Turkish war

Answer 46

1877

Question 47

what was the Paris treaty

Answer 47

brought an end to the crimean war

Question 48

what did the Black Sea clauses in the Paris treaty force Russia to do

Answer 48

decrease the size of the navy