Chapter 2: American Experiments (1521 - 1700)

Question 1

Mestizos

Answer 1

European and Indigenous American Ancestry

Question 2

Mulattos

Answer 2

Mixed European and African ancestry

Question 3

Zambos

Answer 3

Mixed Indigenous and African ancestry

Question 4

Encomienda

Answer 4

Spanish Conquistadors received land from the crown

Question 5

Columbian Exchange

Answer 5

Trade of humans, animals, plants, diseases between Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe; Horses improved indian life, potato and maize benefited European cultures

Question 6

Mercantilism

Answer 6

Maximize exports, reduce imports; Benefitted Mother COuntry England with improved trade

Question 7

Brazil

Answer 7

Very rigorous labor used to create sugar; Production was done on site; As Indian population decreased, Africans became more prevalent in slave labor

Question 8

England’s Tobacco Colony

Answer 8

Jamestown, Virginia

Question 9

Jamestown 1607

Answer 9

Joint Stock Company, Settlers sought gold, but lack of gold led to tobacco which exhausted the land, and House of Burgesses

Question 10

House of Burgesses

Answer 10

First representative government in US 1619 in Virginia

Question 11

Indian War 1622

Answer 11

Powhatan despised English attempts to force Indian children into Catholic school; Attack killed 1/3 Jamestown population; Jamestown becomes royal colony in 1624, requiring colonists to pay taxes for Church of England
Anglican Church is established Church

Question 12

Lord Baltimore - Catholics Maryland

Answer 12

Proprietary Colony - granted by King Charles I (Catholic)
Maryland Acts of Toleration 1649 - Granted religious freedom to Christians, befitting Catholics
Maryland Relied on Tobacco similar to V.A.

Question 13

Caribbean Islands

Answer 13

SImilar to Brazil, focused on sugar production

Question 14

Headright System

Answer 14

Gave 50 acres land to whoever paid for immigrants passage

Question 15

Indentured Servitude

Answer 15

In exchange for passage paid for, servants would work for 4-5 years under contract; 1/2 died before being freed

Question 16

African Laborers

Answer 16

Used more in Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion

Strict laws associated slaves with the color black

Question 17

New France

Answer 17

Expanded into North America (Canada)
Established Quebec as fur trading post
Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians to Catholicism

Question 18

New Netherlands

Answer 18

First Dutch Colony in N.A.

Amsterdam (Manhattan) small, but significant traders of fur

Question 19

Rise of Iroquois

Answer 19

Located in Central/West NY
Traded weapons/goods with French and Dutch
Remained strong force in NY

Question 20

New England

Answer 20

Pilgrims, Puritans, John WInthrop Mass. Bay. and Roger Williams - Rhode Island

Question 21

Pilgrims

Answer 21

Separatists wanting to break away from Church of England

Established representative-self government

Question 22

Puritans

Answer 22

Wanted to purify Church of England - not separate from it

Question 23

John Winthrop Mass. Bay

Answer 23

Sought to Est. City Upon a Hill
Church Members had tremendous power - only ones that could vote
No religious tolerance - believed in predestination

Question 24

Roger Williams and Rhode Island

Answer 24

Advocated for separation church + state, religious tolerance, ally with Indians
No established Church in R.I.
Winthrop banished Roger Williams to R.I. from Mass. Bay

Question 25

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 25

Seen as major threat to Puritanism Challenged typical gender roles Banished from Mass Bay Colony

Question 26

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 26

Seen as major threat to Puritanism Challenged typical gender roles Banished from Mass Bay Colony

Question 27

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 27

Accusers (poorer) accused wealthier of witchcraft | After, many colonies embraced ideas of englightenment

Question 28

New England War

Answer 28

Pequot - Puritan War, and Metacom's War 1675-76

Question 29

Puritan - Pequot War

Answer 29

Pequots were allied with Dutch, had conflicts with English Pequots massacred 500 English, followed by harsh retaliation by New England Some settlers saw diseases like smallpox doing "God's work"

Question 30

Metacom's War 1675-76

Answer 30

Metacom (King Philip I) was King of Wampanoag | Metacom eventually killed; Natives were rarely threat to New England afterwards

Question 31

Bacon's Rebellion

Answer 31

Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past certain line of land In west, many farmers were underrepresented in Burgesses Conflict between Native and Westerners like Bacon Bacon died suddenly

Question 32

Significance of Bacon's Rebellion

Answer 32

``` Movement towards slave labor Showed social class difference in East (rich) and West (poor) ```

Question 33

Phillip II

Answer 33

Ardent Catholic | Married Queen Elizabeth I of England

Question 34

Dutch

Answer 34

Calvinist | Revolted against Spanish rule to declare their own independence against Catholicism

Question 35

King Henry VIII

Answer 35

Initially opposed Protestantism When Pope refused to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, Henry broke with Rome and placed himself of head of Church of England Church mostly stayed Catholic, but Protestant teachings continued to spread

Question 36

Queen Elizabeth I

Answer 36

Henry's daughter and successor Approved Protestant confession of faith, also retained Catholic ritual of communion and left Church in hands of Anglican bishops and archbishops Elizabeth imposed English Rule over Catholic Ireland

Question 37

Philip of Spain

Answer 37

The match Elizabeth's power, Philip sent Spanish Armada

Question 38

Spanish Armada

Answer 38

many ships against England 1588 Philip intended to restore Romanch Church in England and wipe out Calvinism in Holland A fierce storm and English ships destroyed the Spanish fleet Philip spent Spain's riches of gold on wars This marked downfall of Spain and rise of England

Question 39

Brazil

Answer 39

SUGAR PLANTATIONS | Only Portuguese Colony in Americas due to Tordesillas Treaty

Question 40

James Rolf

Answer 40

Cultivated tobacco in Jamestown, Virginia | Married Pocahantas

Question 41

Jacques Cartier

Answer 41

Ventures and Saves St. Lawrence River for France

Question 42

Samuel de Champlain

Answer 42

Founds Quebec for France

Question 43

Jacques Marquette

Answer 43

Reaches Miss. River in Wisconsin

Question 44

Robert de la Salle

Answer 44

Traveled down Gulf of Mexic0 - Named it Louisiana after King Louis

Question 45

Henry Hudson

Answer 45

English, but sailed for Dutch Hudson River and Hudson Bay Founded New Netherlands

Question 46

Governor Peter Stuyvesant

Answer 46

Not well liked ruler for New Netherlands

Question 47

Beaver Wars

Answer 47

Iroquois COnfederation fought French Allies, Hurons, and Algonquians

Question 48

William Bradford

Answer 48

Led Puritans

Question 49

Yeoman Society

Answer 49

Puritans that rejected Feudal System | Did not pay high taxes