Chapter 2 and 3 Terms

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintenance of a constant internal environment.

Question 2

Steady state

Answer 2

Tendency of a control system to achieve a balance between an environmental demand and the response of a physiological system to meet the demand to allow the tissue to function over time.

Question 3

Biological control system

Answer 3

Control system capable of maintaining homeostasis within a cell or organ system in a living creature.

Question 4

Sensor

Answer 4

Receptor in the body capable of detecting a change in a variable.

Question 5

Control system

Answer 5

Area of the medulla that regulates the cardiovascular system.

Question 6

Effectors

Answer 6

Organ or body part that responds to stimulation by an efferent neuron (e.g. skeletal muscle in a withdrawal reflex).

Question 7

Negative feedback

Answer 7

Describes the response from a control system that reduces the size of the stimulus (e.g. elevated blood glucose concentration causes the secretion of insulin, which lowers blood glucose).

Question 8

Positive feedback

Answer 8

Describes the response from a control system that acts to increase the original stimulus (e.g. when a woman gives birth).

Question 9

Gain

Answer 9

Refers to the amount of correction that a control system is capable of achieving.
Gain = correction/error

Question 10

Adaptation

Answer 10

Refers to a change in the structure and function of a cell or organ system that results in an improved ability to maintain homeostasis during stressful conditions.

Question 11

Acclimation

Answer 11

Change that occurs in the response to repeated environmental stresses and results in the improved function of an existing homeostatic system. Rapid physiological adaptation that occurs within days to a few weeks.

Question 12

Cell signaling

Answer 12

A system of communication that governs cellular activities and coordinates cell actions.
Can occur via numerous signaling pathways, including direct contact of cells.

Question 13

Stress proteins

Answer 13

A family of proteins that are manufactured in cells in response to a variety of stresses (e.g. high temperature).

Question 14

Heat shock proteins

Answer 14

A family of stress proteins that are produced in cells in response to cellular stresses. Following synthesis, heat shock proteins can protect cells against disturbances in homeostasis.

Question 15

Metabolism

Answer 15

Total of all cellular reactions that occur in cells and includes chemical pathways that result in the synthesis of molecules (anabolic reactions) as well as the breakdown of molecules (catabolic reactions).

Question 16

Bioenergetics

Answer 16

Chemical processes involved with the production of cellular ATP

Question 17

Cell membrane

Answer 17

Lipid bilayer envelope that encloses cells.

Question 18

Cytoplasm

Answer 18

Contents of the cell surrounding the nucleus. Sarcoplasm in muscle cells.

Question 19

Mitochondrion

Answer 19

Subcellular organelle responsible for the production of ATP with oxygen; contains the enzymes for the Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain, and fatty acid cycle.

Question 20

Oxidation

Answer 20

Removal of electrons from an element of molecule.

Question 21

Reduction

Answer 21

Gain of electrons.

Question 22

NAD

Answer 22

Enzyme that transfers hydrogen and the energy associated with those hydrogens; transfers energy from substrates to the electron transport chain in the Kreb’s cycle.

Question 23

FAD

Answer 23

Electron carrier in bioenergetics.

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

Proteins that lower the energy of activation and therefore catalyze chemical reactions; regulate rate of most metabolic pathways.

Question 25

Glucose

Answer 25

Simple sugar that is transported via the blood and metabolized by tissues.

Question 26

Glycogen

Answer 26

Glucose polymer synthesized in cells as a means of storing carbohydrate.

Question 27

ATP

Answer 27

High energy phosphate compound synthesized and used by cells to release energy for cellular work.

Question 28

Function of Kreb’s Cycle

Answer 28

To complete the oxidation (electron removal) of Acetyl CoA using NAD+ and FAD as electron carriers.

Question 29

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 29

Mitochondrial process in which the inorganic phosphate (Pi) is coupled to ADP as energy is transferred along the ETC in which oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Question 30

Beta oxidation

Answer 30

Breakdown of free fatty acids to form Acetyl CoA.

Question 31

Electron transport chain

Answer 31

Series of cytochromes in the mitochondria that are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 32

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

Answer 32

Mechanism to explain the aerobic formation of ATP in the mitochondra.