Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

Question 1

Biological Organization from Smallest to Largest

Answer 1

1. Atom
2. Molecule
3. Cell
4. Tissue
5. Organ
6. Organ System
7. Organism
8. Species
9. Population
10. Community
11. Ecosystem
12. Biosphere

Question 2

Atom

Answer 2

The smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of an element

Question 3

Molecule

Answer 3

Union of two or more atoms of the same element; also the smallest part of a compound that retains the properties of the compound

Question 4

Six Characteristics of Living Organisms

Answer 4

1. Life is organized
2. Life requires materials and energy
3. Living organisms maintain homeostasis
4. Living organisms respond
5. Living organisms reproduce and develop
6. Living organisms have adaptations

Question 5

Levels of Classification From Least Inclusive to Most

Answer 5

Dear Kind Philip Came Over For Good Soup

1. Species
2. Genus
3. Family
4. Order
5. Class
6. Phylum
7. Kingdom
8. Domain

Question 6

Acid

Answer 6

Molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and thus to lower its pH numerically

Question 7

Adhesion

Answer 7

Tendency of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with polar surfaces, such as the inside of capillaries and transport vessels

Question 8

Anion

Answer 8

Negatively charged ions that are formed from atoms or molecules that have more electrons than protons

Question 9

Atomic Mass

Answer 9

Average of atom mass units for all the isotopes of an atom

Question 10

Atomic Number

Answer 10

Number of protons within the nucleus of an atom

Question 11

The equation to find Atomic Number

Answer 11

Atomic number=number of protons

Question 12

Atomic Symbol

Answer 12

One or two letters that represent the name of an element

Question 13

Base

Answer 13

Molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and thus raise the pH numerically

Question 14

Cation

Answer 14

Atom or group of atoms that bears a positive electric charge

Question 15

Cohesion

Answer 15

Tendency of water molecules to cling to each other or to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

Question 16

Covalent Bond

Answer 16

Chemical bond in which atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Question 17

Electron

Answer 17

Negative subatomic particle, moving about in an energy level around the nucleus of an atom that is considered to have no atomic mass units

Question 18

Electronegativity

Answer 18

The ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself in a chemical bond

Question 19

Electron Shell

Answer 19

The average location, or energy level of an electron in an atom. Often drawn as concentric circles around the nucleus

Question 20

Element

Answer 20

Substance that cannot be broken down into substances with different properties; composed of only one type of atom

Question 21

Formula

Answer 21

A group of symbols and numbers used to express the composition of a compound

Question 22

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 22

Weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule

Question 23

Hydrophilic

Answer 23

Water-loving; having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding

Question 24

Hydrophobic

Answer 24

Water-fearing; lacking an affinity for water; insoluble in water; repelling water

Question 25

Ion

Answer 25

An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gathered one or more electrons

Question 26

Ionic Bond

Answer 26

Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges Hint: The names Bond... Ionic Bond. Taken, not shared.

Question 27

Isotope

Answer 27

Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but a different mass number due to a variation in the number of neutrons

Question 28

Mass Number

Answer 28

Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons within the nucleus

Question 29

The Equation for Mass Number

Answer 29

Mass number=protons + neutrons

Question 30

Matter

Answer 30

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Question 31

Neutron

Answer 31

Neutral substance particle, located in the nucleus and assigned one atomic mass unit Hint: Neutrons, neutral, nucleus

Question 32

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Answer 32

Bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms is fairly equal

Question 33

Octet Rule

Answer 33

The observation that an atom is most stable when its outer shell is complete and contains eight electrons; an exception is hydrogen, which requires only two electrons in its outer shell to have a complete shell

Question 34

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 34

Bond in which sharing of electrons between atoms is unequal

Question 35

Proton

Answer 35

Positive subatomic particle located in the nucleus and assigned one atomic mass unit

Question 36

Solute

Answer 36

Substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a substance

Question 37

Solution

Answer 37

Fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved solid (the solute)

Question 38

Solvent

Answer 38

Dissolves a great amount of substances especially those that are also polar

Question 39

Valence Shell

Answer 39

The outer electron shell of an atom contains the valence electrons, which determine the chemical reactivity of the atom

Question 40

Six Elements That Compromise 95% of Organisms Body Weight

Answer 40

Hint: Ninja CHOPS 1. Nitrogen 2. Carbon 3. Hydrogen 4. Oxygen 5. Phosphorus 6. Sulfur

Question 41

Electronegativities of Six Elements

Answer 41

``` Nitrogen=3.0 Carbon=2.5 Hydrogen=2.1 Oxygen=3.5 Phosphorus=2.1 Sulfur=2.5 ```