Chapter 2: Basic Exercise Science

Question 1

What are the primary functions of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Sensory, integrative and motor functions.

Question 2

What is the CNS?

Answer 2

The Central nervous system, composed of the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Define the nervous system.

Answer 3

One of the main organ systems of the body that consists of a specialized network of cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals that create a communication system of the human body.

Question 4

Central and peripheral refer to the two parts of what system in the body?

Answer 4

The nervous system

Question 5

What is the Human Movement System?

Answer 5

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular and skeletal systems.

Question 6

What is proprioception?

Answer 6

The body’s ability to sense the position of adjacent parts of the body.

Question 7

What does neuromuscular mean?

Answer 7

The nervous and muscular systems.

Question 8

A persons ability to decipher that they are walking on the sidewalk in comparison to the sand is called what in the nervous system?

Answer 8

Sensory function

Question 9

What is the functional unit of the nervous system called?

Answer 9

Neuron

Question 10

Billions of these make up the complex structure of the nervous system.

Answer 10

Neurons

Question 11

A specialized cell that processes and transmits information through both electrical and chemical signals.

Answer 11

Neuron

Question 12

What are Interneurons

Answer 12

They are what transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

Question 13

These convert environmental stimuli into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce a response.

Answer 13

Sensory receptors

Question 14

What are the 4 types of sensory receptors?

Answer 14

Mechanoreceptors (respond to touch pressure)

Nociceptors (respond to pain)

Chemoreceptors (respond to chemical reaction, taste, smell)

Photoreceptors (respond to light, vision)

Question 15

What sensory receptors do personal trainers need to be familiar with because they primarily pertain to human movement?

Answer 15

Mechanoreceptors - respond to mechanical forces like touch and pressure

Question 16

What are muscle spindles?

Answer 16

Sensory Receptors within the muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers.

Question 17

What purpose do bone markings serve?

Answer 17

1) increase stability in joints

2) provide attachment sites for muscles

Question 18

What 2 categories are surface markings divided into?

Answer 18

Depressions and processes

Question 19

What are the different types of bones?

Answer 19

Long
Short 
Flat
Irregular 
Sesamoid

Question 20

How many bones make up the skeletal system?

Answer 20

206

Question 21

What is the axial skeleton comprised of?

Answer 21

Skull
Rib cage
Vertebrae column

Question 22

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

Answer 22

Upper and lower extremities

Shoulder and pelvic girdles

Question 23

What 2 functions do bones serve, relative to movement?

Answer 23

1) leverage

2) support

Question 24

What is remolding?

Answer 24

The process of renewing bones through resorption and bone formation.

Question 25

What is the name of a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (this is the breaking down of old bone).

Answer 25

Osteoclasts

Question 26

What are the three major curves of the adult human spine?

Answer 26

1) a posterior cervical curvature 2) an anterior thoracic curvature 3) a posterior lumbar curvature

Question 27

How are joints formed?

Answer 27

By one bone that articulates with another bone.

Question 28

What is arthrokinematics?

Answer 28

Joint motion

Question 29

What are the three major motion types of joints?

Answer 29

Roll Slide Spin

Question 30

Synovial joints

Answer 30

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body

Question 31

What is the functional unit of the muscle system?

Answer 31

Sarcomere

Question 32

Sarcomere

Answer 32

The functional unit of the muscle that produces muscle contractions made up of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments.

Question 33

Neural activation

Answer 33

The contraction of a muscle

Question 34

What is Biomechanics?

Answer 34

The science of internal and external forces acting on the body. (external force being e.x. weights, internal force being e.x. muscle contraction or pressure)

Question 35

Kinesiology

Answer 35

The study of human movement

Question 36

anatomic position

Answer 36

standing feet spread, face, hands and palms facing forward.

Question 37

anterior position

Answer 37

on or toward the front (most assessments are done from an anterior perspective)

Question 38

posterior position

Answer 38

on or towards the back

Question 39

superior position

Answer 39

upper (a position that is above another)

Question 40

inferior position

Answer 40

lower (a position below another)

Question 41

Proximal

Answer 41

closer to the center (horizontal)

Question 42

distal

Answer 42

further from the center

Question 43

medial

Answer 43

toward the midline (vertical)

Question 44

lateral

Answer 44

farther from the midline

Question 45

prone

Answer 45

body position where on is lying with the face downward

Question 46

supine

Answer 46

lying on back face upward

Question 47

triple flexion

Answer 47

a multi-joint exercise that involves flexion at the hip, knew (squat) the starting and ending position are triple flexion.

Question 48

Body is apron. ____% water?

Answer 48

60%

Question 49

pronation

Answer 49

(flexed foot rotate out) associated force reduction

Question 50

supination

Answer 50

associated with force production (pointed foot rotate in)

Question 51

What are the basic muscle phases in muscle action spectrum?

Answer 51

eccentric, isometric, concentric

Question 52

carrying a box into the house (assuming you arent moving your arm) would be considered which phase in the muscle action spectrum?

Answer 52

isometric

Question 53

eccentric

Answer 53

consistently and slowly reducing force while lengthening muscle- i.e. lowering bicep curl

Question 54

the shortening of a muscle during a bicep curl is considered what?

Answer 54

concentric