Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Molecules 2 > Chapter 2 - Bio Molecules 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Bio Molecules 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Made up of either alpha glucose or beta glucose

Alpha: STARCH - amylose, amylopectin, glucogen
Beta: Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

STARCH:

Amylose

A
  • long chain of alpha glucose molecules
  • glycosidic bonds (removal of water)
  • carbon 1 and 4

Function: storage in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

STARCH:

Amylopectin

A
  • coils in a spiral shape
  • held together with hydrogen bonds
  • carbon 1 and 4 (glycosidic bond)
  • branches caused by carbon 1 and 6 G bonds

FUNCTION: storage in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

STARCH:

Glycogen

A
  • 1 and 4 bonded chains (smaller than amylopectin)
  • less tendency to coil
  • more branches

FUNCTION: storage in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellulose

A

Homopolysaccharide
-long chain of up to 1500 beta glucose molecules
-bonds due to condensation reaction (glycosidic)
-straight chains
-chains can bond together through hydrogen bonds
Chains - micro fibril - macro f - cross over form cell wall
Can’t be digested due to wrong active site
FUNCTION: Rigidity, turgid state, reinforcement, helps survive against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Disaccharides:

Alpha glucose + alpha glucose

A

Maltose

M - many alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Disaccharides:

Alpha glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

FrUCtose - sUCrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disaccharides:

Beta glucose + alpha glucose

A

Lactose

Lac- lack of double alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Disaccharides properties

A
  • sweet
  • soluble
  • maltose and lactose ONLY are reducing sugars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Structure of proteins

PRIMARY

A

Primary - sequence Chain

BOND: peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structure of protein

SECONDARY

A

Secondary - alpha helix/beta pleated sheets

BOND: hydrogen between peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Structure of proteins

TERTIARY

A

Tertiary - both alpha and beta in same chain

BOND: hydrogen, disulphide, ionic, hydrophobic interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Structure of proteins

QUATERNARY

A

More than one amino acid chain
(EXAMPLE: haemoglobin)

BONDS: same as tertiary with bonds connecting the Chains through their R groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protein folding

A

Dependant on R group interaction with water molecules in aqueous solution

Polar - hydrophilic
Non-polar - hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Water:

Polarity

A
  • water is polar
  • due to difference in bonding energies between the hydrogens and the oxygen
  • leaves a net negative charge as the negative oxygen has a stronger pull
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Water:

Water potential

A

How pure water is

Pure is zero kPa

Water potential is never positive
More ions bonded the less pure the water
Foundations for osmosis

17
Q

Water:

Hydrogen bonding

A

Polarity means two water molecules can be attracted to each other and form a hydrogen bond

  • positive to negative
  • hydrogen bonds easily broken
18
Q

Water:

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen molecules assert a significant amount of attractive force causing the water to cling to itself

19
Q

Water:

Adhesion

A

Attractive force to cling to other surfaces

With cohesion, allows for capillarity, water can move up a narrow tube against gravity

20
Q

Water:

High specific heat capacity

A

Allows it to retain heat

- prevents extreme body temps and survival in extreme environments

21
Q

Water:

Density

A

Ice has a lower density than water so allows it to float to the top and insulate the water below

22
Q

PROTEINS:

Globular proteins facts

A
  • compact
  • water soluble
  • spherical in shape
  • twist to have hydrophobic r group in centre and hydrophilic outside

Insulin

  • regulates blood glucose conc
  • soluble for bloodstream transport
  • folding produces precise shape
23
Q

PROTEIN:

Conjugated proteins facts

A

-prosthetic group (non-protein component)
Example: lipoprotein, glycoproteins
Cofactors: metal ions or molecules from vitamins

24
Q

PROTEIN:
Conjugated
Catalase

A
  • enzyme metabolise hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen gas
  • quaternary structure (4 polypeptide Chains, 2 alpha, 2 beta subunits each which prosthetic haem group - a iron II ion)
25
Q

PROTEIN:
Conjugated
Haemoglobin

A
  • carries oxygen in red blood cell

- quaternary structure (same as catalase with oxygen molecule combined with ion)

26
Q

PROTEIN:

Fibrous protein facts

A
  • long
  • insoluble
  • primary structure has high % of repetitive amino acids with small hydrophobic R groups
  • strong
  • not folded into 3D structure
27
Q

PROTEIN:
Fibrous
Collagen

A
  • flexible
  • connective tissue
  • found in skin, tendons, ligaments and nervous system
  • quaternary structure (3 protein molecules would together in a long rope like structure)
28
Q

PROTEIN:
Fibrous
Keratin

A
  • strong
  • flexible
  • insoluble
  • found in hair, skin and nails
  • high proportion of amino acid cysteine that contains sulphur, making stronger disulphide bonds
  • hair has less disulphide bonds compared to nails
29
Q

PROTEIN:
Fibrous
Elastin

A
  • found in elastic fibres
  • in walls of blood vessels and alveoli
  • gives flexibility to structures
  • quaternary structure (stretchy protein called tropoelastin)
30
Q

Food test:

Reducing sugar

A 
Benedict solution
- colour of Reagent (blue)
- heat test tube 
positive range: red, orange, yellow, green
Negative: blue 
Can be all three test styles
31
Q

Food tests:

Non-reducing

A

Benedict solution (blue)

  • heated tube
  • reducing test then add hydrochloric acid
  • reducing test again

Qualitative

Biology Molecules 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions