Chapter 2 - Biochemistry

Question 1

Types of Transport

Answer 1

Passive, Active, Bulk Membrane

Question 2

Passive Types

Answer 2

• simple diffusion
• osmosis
• facilitated diffusion

Question 3

Passive Transport

Answer 3

• Moves substances across the membrane along a concentration gradient (from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration)
• Tends to involve smaller molecules (H2O, CO2, O2)
• Requires no cellular energy

Question 4

Diffusion

Answer 4

is the net movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Question 5

Osmosis

Answer 5

the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane

Question 6

Isotonic

Answer 6

When the concentration of the ICF and ECF are equal

Question 7

Hypotonic

Answer 7

• When the concentration of the ICF is higher than the ECF (more water in ECF than ICF)
• Water molecules move into cell and cell gets bigger and could burst (lysis)

Question 8

Hypertonic

Answer 8

• When the concentration of the ECF is higher than the ICF (more water in ICF than ECF)
• Water molecules move out of cell and cell may shrivel (plasmolysis)

Question 9

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 9

• the transport of ions and polar molecules through a membrane via special proteins
• For those molecules that cant diffuse or are not diffusing quickly enough (e.g. ions, water, amino acids, sugars etc.)

Question 10

Membrane Proteins

Answer 10

Channel Proteins, Carrier Proteins

Question 11

Channel Proteins

Answer 11

Channel proteins form hydrophilic pathways through which water and certain ions can pass through

Question 12

Carrier Proteins

Answer 12

Carrier proteins binds to a specific molecule and transports it across the lipid bilayer

Question 13

Active Types

Answer 13

Primary Active Transport, Secondary Active Transport

Question 14

Primary Active Transport

Answer 14

• Active transport is the movement of substances against the concentration gradient
• Primary active pumps move positively charged ions (H+, Ca2+, Na+, and K+) across
  membranes using ATP

Question 15

Active Transport - Secondary

Answer 15

• A secondary active transport pump uses the concentration gradient of an ion, established by a primary pump for its energy source
• Example: sodium-potassium pump

Question 16

Bulk Membrane Types

Answer 16

Endocytosis, Exocytosis

Question 17

Endocytosis

Answer 17

when the cell membrane folds inward and forms a vesicle to capture materials from the ECF

Question 18

Endocytosis Types

Answer 18

• Pinocytosis
• Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis

Question 19

Pinocytosis

Answer 19

extracellular water is taken in along with any molecules that happen to be in the water (aka ‘cell drinking’)

Question 20

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Answer 20

molecules to be taken in are bound to the outer cell surface by raptor proteins

Question 21

Phagocytosis

Answer 21

cells engulf bacteria, parts of dead cells, viruses or other foreign particles (aka ‘cell eating’)

Question 22

Exocytosis

Answer 22

• secretory vesicles from inside the cell attach to the cell membrane and release contents to ECF
• Example: carbohydrates needed to make cell wall (cellulose) exported out of the cell this way

Question 23

Transport Functions

Answer 23

• Take in nutrients
• Expel waste
• Communicate with the environment
• Communicate with neighboring cells

Question 24

Nucleus

Answer 24

Protects and controls access to the DNA; makes ribosome subunits

Question 25

Rough ER

Answer 25

Produce proteins for the rest of the cell

Question 26

Smooth ER

Answer 26

Helps synthesize and concentrate various substances needed by the cell

Question 27

Golgi Body

Answer 27

Modifies new polypeptide chains; sorts and ships proteins and lipids

Question 28

Transport/Secondary Vesicle

Answer 28

Transports substances within a cell and or releases them from the cell

Question 29

Mitochondrion

Answer 29

Generates ATP and other molecules

Question 30

Chloroplast

Answer 30

Produces sugars using light energy, carbon dioxide, and water

Question 31

Lysosome

Answer 31

Carries out intracellular digestion

Question 32

Peroxisome

Answer 32

Inactivates toxins

Question 33

Vacuole

Answer 33

Provides storage and contains waste; in plants, maintains cell size and shape

Question 34

Ribosome

Answer 34

Assembles polypeptide chains that are used to form proteins

Question 35

Centriole

Answer 35

Makes microtubules for the cytoskeleton; involved in cell division

Question 36

Plasma Membrane

Answer 36

Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

Question 37

Theory of Endosybiosis

Answer 37

Suggests that the organelles arose from prokaryotes (mitochondria)

Question 38

Cytoskeleton

Answer 38

Provides structure that helps maintain their shape and organization

Question 39

Microtubules

Answer 39

Helps support the shape of a cell

Question 40

Microfilaments

Answer 40

Generates the forces used in cellular contraction and basic cell movements

Question 41

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 41

Membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

Question 42

Cytosol

Answer 42

- Provides structural support to the cells and organelles and acts as a plat form for the transport of molecules across the cell - Fluid part of cytoplasm

Question 43

Nucleoplasm

Answer 43

Liquid that contains nucleus

Question 44

Nucleolus

Answer 44

Produce and assemble ribosomes

Question 45

Cell Wall

Answer 45

the outer covering of a plant cell

Question 46

Organelle

Answer 46

An internal functional structure that is located within the cytosol of a cell