Chapter 2 | Biological Interactions

Question 1

A Greek word where ecology is derived from

Answer 1

“oikos”

Question 2

Deals with the interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment and how these interactions affect its reproduction and survival.

Answer 2

Science of Ecology

Question 3

It determines the structure of the biosphere

Answer 3

Basic principles of life

Question 4

3 Basic principles of Life

Answer 4

•cycling of nutrients
•survival and reproduction
•process of evolution

Question 5

It determines which organisms will live in a particular region

Answer 5

Nature of the physical environment

Question 6

Living organisms expend _________ to survive and reproduce.

Answer 6

Energy

Question 7

It consist all external factors

Answer 7

Organism’s environment

Question 8

These are physical factors such as: temperature, pH, amount of sunlight, ocean currents, wave action, type and size of sediment particles

Answer 8

Abiotic factors

Question 9

These factors are living organisms and their interaction with each other.

Answer 9

Biotic factors

Question 10

Specific place in the environment where an organism is found

Answer 10

Habitat

Question 11

Are primarily characterized by their abiotic features, the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment

Answer 11

Marine habitats

Question 12

Smaller subdivision of habitat

Answer 12

Microhabitats

Question 13

the more complex the habitat, the more ____________ ___ _______________.

Answer 13

microhabitats it contains

Question 14

Example that contain thousand of microhabitats

Answer 14

Coral reefs

Question 15

It is the internal balancing of factors that occurs in the face of changes in the external environment.

Answer 15

Homeostasis

Question 16

is vital to life of all organism

Answer 16

Maintaining homeostasis

Question 17

An organism’s response to environmental change can involve changes in its ___________ and __________.

Answer 17

Physiology and Behavior

Question 18

What will happen if ever an animals were forced to occupy habitats that have a less than optimal range of environmental factors?

Answer 18

They may fail to reproduce or even die.

Question 19

In what kind of factors (range) does an organism be able to thrive and reproduce?

Answer 19

If the factors are within/remain on its Optimal range

Question 20

What will happen when one or more of the environmental factors is outside the optimal range?

Answer 20

An organism’s chances of survival are decreased

Question 21

Optimal Range
Stress Zone
Zone of Intolerance

Answer 21

1
2
3

Question 22

This is the region above or below the optimal range of an environmental variable

Answer 22

Zone of stress

Question 23

Beyond the stress zone

Answer 23

Zone of Intolerance

Question 24

environmental variable is so far from the optimal range that the organism cannot survive

Answer 24

Zone of Intolerance

Question 25

It includes such factors as sunlight, temperature, salinity, pressure, nutrients, and waste.

Answer 25

Marine organism's Physical environment

Question 26

Largest group of photosynthetic organisms in Marine environment

Answer 26

Phytoplankton

Question 27

Primary sources of nutrients and energy for marine animals

Answer 27

Phytoplankton together with seaweeds and plants

Question 28

Mostly microscopic, plantlike organisms and bacteria that float in ocean currents

Answer 28

Phytoplankton

Question 29

Why does the phytoplankton can only survive in shallowest areas in cloudy coastal waters and estuaries?

Answer 29

Because sunlight penetrates to a depth of less than 1 meter

Question 30

it also necessary for vision

Answer 30

Sunlight

Question 31

Many animals rely on vision for capturing pret, avoiding predators and for communication

Answer 31

Sunlight

Question 32

Majority of the marine animals are?

Answer 32

Ectotherms

Question 33

they obtain most of their body heat from their surroundings

Answer 33

Ectotherms

Question 34

They become sluggish when the temperature drops and more active when temperatures rises.

Answer 34

Ectotherms

Question 35

Marine mammals and birds are ___________.

Answer 35

Endotherms

Question 36

Can maintain a constant body temperature because it's metabolism can generate sufficient heat internally

Answer 36

Endotherms

Question 37

Measure of the concentration of dissolved inorganic salts in the water

Answer 37

Salinity

Question 38

Substances that are dissolved in water

Answer 38

Solutes

Question 39

To keep their cells alive, all organisms must maintain balance of ________ and __________.

Answer 39

water and solutes

Question 40

A process which is vital to the life of a cell

Answer 40

Osmosis

Question 41

What will happen if a cell loses too much water?

Answer 41

It will become dehydrated or die

Question 42

An example of a marine animals that cannot regulate the salt concentration of their body

Answer 42

Spider crab (Macrocheira)

Question 43

Pressure at sea level

Answer 43

760 mm Hg or 1 atmosphere

Question 44

It is so much denser than air

Answer 44

Water

Question 45

What allows some animals to thrive and survive in great depths?

Answer 45

They possessed specialized adaptations

Question 46

Availability of nutrients strongly influences the distribution of organisms in the marine environment

Answer 46

Metabolic requirements

Question 47

A particularly important requirement for metabolism

Answer 47

Oxygen

Question 48

By-product of photosynthesis

Answer 48

Oxygen

Question 49

It is where the ability of water to dissolve oxygen depends on

Answer 49

Salinity and temperature

Question 50

A water in the open sea that contains more oxygen

Answer 50

Cooler and less-salty water

Question 51

This greatly increase the nutrient levels in some coastal waters

Answer 51

Water runoff from land

Question 52

A process of nutrient enrichment

Answer 52

Eutrophication

Question 53

It leads to population explosions of certain types of photosynthetic planktons

Answer 53

Eutrophication

Question 54

An event of population explosions of certain types of photosynthetic planktons

Answer 54

Algal bloom

Question 55

What process that robs the water of oxygen?

Answer 55

Decomposition

Question 56

All organisms when they metabolized produces?

Answer 56

Waste products

Question 57

This are being releases as a product of respiration

Answer 57

Carbon dioxide

Question 58

If the plant releases oxygen when they photosynthesize, what does the animals excrete as a waste products?

Answer 58

Nitrogen -rich waste products

Question 59

A group of the same species that occupies a specified area.

Answer 59

Population

Question 60

They interact with each other and are able to breed with each other

Answer 60

Members of population

Question 61

They rely on the same sources and are influenced by the same environmental factors

Answer 61

Members of Population

Question 62

Every population has _________ boundaries.

Answer 62

Geographical

Question 63

A technique used by biologist to estimate a population's size

Question 64

Another method to get an idea of the population size like looking for burrows or the tell-tale trails

Answer 64

Look for evidence of an organism's presence

Question 65

A procedure where animals are captured and then tagged or marked before being released again.

Answer 65

mark-recapture-method

Question 66

One common sampling method

Answer 66

counting the number of individuals in a representative area or plot within the range

Question 67

it is the number of individuals per unit area or volume

Answer 67

Population density

Question 68

refers to the pattern of spacing among individuals within the range

Answer 68

Dispersion

Question 69

How does a population change in size?

Answer 69

Population changes by individuals may add through reproduction and immigration, or individuals may be eliminated through death and emigration

Question 70

Typically what kind of individuals are more likely to die?

Answer 70

Very young and old individuals

Question 71

They have youthful strength and the survival skills that come with maturity

Answer 71

Individuals of Intermediate age

Question 72

Another important factor affecting population growth which is the average time between an individual's birth and the birth of its offspring

Answer 72

Generation time

Question 73

3 things that affect the population growth

Answer 73

•Generation time •Sex ratio •Survivorship

Question 74

It refers to how long, on average, an individual of a given age could be expected to live.

Answer 74

Survivorship

Question 75

Composed of populations of different species that occupy one habitat at the same time

Answer 75

Community

Question 76

An organism's environmental roles

Answer 76

Niche