Chapter 2: Biology Flashcards
Terms that refer either to specific biological constructs or to things relating to those constructs. (190 cards)
1
Q
Neurons are ____________ cells of the nervous system which conduct impulses.
A
Specialized.
2
Q
Neuron messages include: L______, o______ _______, and ________ on the ____.
A
Light, other neurons, and pressure on the skin.
3
Q
Glial cells r_____ d___ neurons and w____ from the nervous system.
A
Remove, dead, waste.
4
Q
Myelin is formed by:
A
Glial cells.
5
Q
What does Myelin insulate neurons from?
A
Ions in surrounding fluid.
6
Q
What does Myelin help conduct?
A
Electrical current: minimizes leakage.
7
Q
Infants aren’t ready to engage in complex visual-motor coordination until:
A
The myelination process intensifies.
8
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Efferent neurons are sensory neurons.
A
FALSE
9
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Afferent neurons are sensory neurons.
A
TRUE
10
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Efferent neurons are motor neurons.
A
TRUE
11
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Afferent neurons are motor neurons.
A
FALSE
12
Q
Which process is correct?
a. Afferent neurons –> spinal cord and brain –> sensory receptors at surface of skin.
b. Spinal cord and brain –> afferent neurons –> sensory receptors/neurons at surface of skin.
c. Sensory receptors/neurons at surface of skin –> afferent neurons –> spinal cord and brain.
A
C.
13
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Afferent neurons are relatively short.
A
FALSE (Can be 2-3ft)
14
Q
Associative neurons are generally as long as:
A
1/1000ths of an inch
15
Q
Which process is correct?
a. Efferent neurons –> spinal cord and brain –> muscles and glands
b. Spinal cord and brain –> efferent neurons –> muscles and glands.
c. Muscles and glands –> efferent neurons –> spinal cord and brain.
A
B.
16
Q
N_____ ________ are _______________, and travel between _ - ___ MPH.
A
Neural impulses, electrochemical, 2-225.
17
Q
A message will travel from toe to brain in:
A
1/50th a second.
18
Q
TRUE OR FALSE: Both neurons and the surrounding fluid contain ions.
A
TRUE
19
Q
What is common when a neuron is in a resting state? What charge does this create (in relation to outside)?
A
“Cl-,” or negatively charged chlorine.
20
Q
What effect does the resting state neuron have on firing?
A
The difference in electrical charge in-and-out polarizes a neuron.
21
Q
Polarizing a neuron means creating a ________ _________ charge in ________ to the body fluid outside the ____ membrane.
A
Internal, negative, relation, cell.
22
Q
Resting potential is when:
A
A neuron isn’t actively responding to other neurons.
23
Q
How many millivolts is the resting charge in contrast to the outside?
A
-70
24
Q
When a neuron is stimulated, the cell membrane becomes permeable to:
A
+Na or positively charged Sodium ions.
25
Depolarization comes from a p_________ charge.
Positive
26
What does depolarization do to the resting potential?
Reduce it from -70 millivolts towards 0.
27
After depolarization, can more sodium enter?
No, at a certain point the permeability changes.
28
Action potential is an __________ _______ that provides the basis for conduction of neural impulse across axons.
Electrical impulse
29
What affect does action potential have on resting potential?
Raises it from -70mv to +30-40mv.
30
When can sodium ions enter the next section of the cell?
After the effects of action potential.
31
What is being pumped out of the "acted" neuron after the effects of action potential?
Positive potassium.
32
How long does it take some neurons to fire?
1/1000th a second.
33
Neurons may not fire unless they reach the _________
Threshold.
34
Neurons communicate through _________.
Synapses.
35
TRUE OR FALSE: The neural impulse conduction across the synaptic cleft is purely electrical.
FALSE
36
The ____ __________ releases chemicals into the synaptic cleft.
Axon terminal.
37
The all-or-none principle refers to:
When a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength.
38
________ ________ Is the extremely brief phase following firing in which a neuron is "insensitive" and won't fire.
Refractory period.
39
TRUE OR FALSE: More sodium enters during the refractory period.
FALSE
40
Neurotransmitters are contained in _______ _______ in the ____ _________.
Synaptic vesicles, axon terminals.
41
Receptor sites are located on the _________ of receiving neurons.
Dendrites.
42
_____ ___________ Play a role in reuptake.
Axon terminals.
43
Neurotransmitters play a role in whether or not neurons will ____.
Fire.
44
TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters are exclusively involved in physical reactions.
FALSE.
45
Acetylcholine controls ______ _____________ and can be prevented from binding through the poison _______.
Muscle contraction, curare.
46
Acetylcholine is excitatory in nerves&muscles of ____________ movement, but ___________ in heart areas.
voluntary, inhibitory.
47
Acetylcholine is common in the h_________
Hippocampus.
48
Alzheimers is related to the depletion of ____________.
Acetylcholine.
49
Dopamine acts primarily in the _______.
Brain.
50
Dopamine is raised by n________, c________, a____________ and a_______.
Nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, and alcohol.
51
A lack of dopamine can lead to:
Parkinsons.
52
TRUE OR FALSE: Dopamine controls voluntary movement and memory.
TRUE
53
Schizophrenia is connected to dopamine because people with schizophrenia ____ more _________ _____ in area of ________ involved with ___________ response.
have more receptor sites, brain, emotional.
54
Norepinephrine is produced by neurons in the ______ _____.
Brain stem.
55
TRUE OR FALSE: Norepinephrine is also a hormone.
TRUE
56
Norepinephrine ________ ____ body processes. It's involved in l________, m_______, general a________, and e_______.
Speeds up, learning, memory, arousal, eating.
57
Defiencies of norepinephrine and acetylcholine impair _________.
Memory.
58
Norepinephrine is boosted by _________ and _____________s, preventing reuptake.
Cocaine, amphetamines.
59
TRUE OR FALSE: Serotonin is connected to sleep.
TRUE
60
Serotonin is decreased by _____.
LSD.
61
TRUE OR FALSE: LSD increases the action of dopamine.
TRUE
62
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid is an ____________ neurotransmitter.
Inhibitory.
63
GABA might _________ anxiety.
Decrease.
64
How do alcohol and tranquilizers interact with GABA?
Binding with GABA receptors to increase its effects.
65
TRUE OR FALSE: Endorphins are inhibitory.
TRUE
66
"Endorphin" is short for endo_______ m________.
Endogenous morphine.
67
Why are endorphins related to keys?
They lock out pain-causing chemicals.
68
Endorphins play a role in the __________ _________, and create the runner's ______.
immune system, high.
69
Nerves are a bundle of _____ from many neurons.
Axons
70
The peripheral nervous system is made of _________ and __________ neurons.
Afferent and efferent
71
Afferent neurons r________ and t________ messages to the brain and spinal cord.
Receive and transmit
72
Efferent neurons _________ messages from the _____ and ______ ____ to ________ and _______.
Transmit, brain and spinal cord, muscles and glands.
73
TRUE OR FALSE: The peripheral nervous system is like the mouse, internet and keyboard of a computer, as well as the monitor, printers, and modem.
TRUE
74
Messages sent to the somatic nervous system control body ___________, __________ like w______, and s__________, like b_______.
movements, purposeful like winking, subconscious like balance.
75
TRUE OR FALSE: The autonomic nervous system is only composed of efferent neurons.
FALSE
76
What two things is the ANS known for regulating? (HINT: I_________ o_____)
Glands and muscles of internal organs.
77
TRUE OR FALSE: ANS activity is purely automatic.
FALSE
78
TRUE OR FALSE: ANS includes pupil dilation activity.
TRUE
79
The parasympathetic nervous system ________ pupils, _________ bladder, _________ salivation, digestion, and the gall bladder, ________ bronchi (breath ____ rapid), _____ heartbeat, __________ erection or lubrication.
Constricts pupils, contracts bladder, stimulates salivation and the gall bladder, constricts bronchi (less rapid), slows heartbeat, stimulates erection or lubrication.
80
The sympathetic nervous system _______ pupils, ________ bladder, __________ salivation and digestion, _________ glucose, _________ bronchi (breath ____ rapid), ____________ heartbeat, _________ ejaculation
Dilates pupils, relaxes bladder, inhibits salivation and digestion, releases glucose, relaxes bronchi (more rapid), accelerates heartbeat, stimulates ejaculation.
81
The parasympathetic division is associated with the ____________ of energy.
Regeneration
82
The sympathetic division is associated with the ___ of energy.
Use.
83
The _______ _____ is an information highway.
Spinal cord.
84
The spinal cord is a bundle of _______ as thick as a _______.
Nerves, thumb.
85
A spinal reflex requires only 2 neurons: a _________ and a ________ neuron.
A sensory and motor neuron.
86
TRUE OR FALSE: Spinal reflexes are unlearned.
TRUE.
87
In spinal reflexes, a third neuron is sometimes needed to transmit from the _______ neuron to the ______ neuron. What's its term?
Sensory, motor, intermediate.
88
TRUE OR FALSE: Both the brain and the spinal cord are composed of both grey and white matter.
TRUE
89
Grey matter is involved in s_______ ______ and _____ in the _______.
Spinal reflexes, axons, brain.
90
Which nervous system allows for language, symbols, naming?
a. CNS
b. Peripheral Nervous System
c. ANS
b. SNS
a.
91
Scientists generally agree that the _____ is a function of the _________. (Brain/mind)
1. Mind, 2. Brain
92
Damage to the hypothalamus can cause e_______ __________.
Eating disorders
93
This method of brain detection measures current between electrodes on the scalp.
EEG
94
This method of brain imaging passes a narrow Xray to measure the structures that reflect the beam for CGI.
CAT/CT
95
This method injects radioactive tracers into the bloodstream to access brain activity thru metabolized glucose.
PET
96
This method uses radiowaves to make brain emit signals relating to shifts in bloodflow, which indicates brain activity.I
MRI
97
What makes functional MRIs different?
It allows scientists to observe brain activity during normal activity.
98
Which of these is the "executive center"?
a. The whole frontal lobe
b. The prefrontal cortex.
b.
99
Where do you decide to keep things in working memory?
In the prefrontal cortex.
100
TRUE OR FALSE: The hindbrain contains the cerebellum.
TRUE
101
The medulla is located in the h________.
Hindbrain.
102
The cerebellum is involved in b_______ and muscle c_____________.
Balance, muscle coordination.
103
The medulla is involved in regulation of h________, b______ p________, mo_______, and r__________.
Heartbeat, blood pressure, movement, respiration.
104
The pons is involved in r_________, s_____, a______, and a____________.
Respiration, sleep, arousal, and attention.
105
The reticular formation is involved in s_____, a_________ and a_________.
sleep, attention, and arousal.
106
The thalamus is located near the _______ of the brain but is considered part of the ____________.
Center, forebrain.
107
The thalamus r_____ sensory information to the c_____. It is involved in functions of s____ and a________.
Relays, cortex, sleep, attention.
108
Depressants _________ activity of the reticular formation.
Lower
109
What shape is the thalamus?
Two egg-like structures.
110
The hypothalamus = a bundle of ________ involved in b___ __________, m_________, and e________.
Nuclei, body temperature, motivation, emotion.
111
The __________ relays information from the eyes to the visual areas of the cerebral cortex.
Thalamus
112
The hypothalamus is also involved in a_______ instincts, h_______ and t________, s_______ behavior, a_________ behavior, and p________ instincts.
hunger, thirst, sexual, aggressive, parental.
113
The ___________ was dubbed the "pleasure center."
Hypothalamus.
114
The ______ system forms a fringe along the ______ edge of the _________.
Limbic, inner, cerebrum.
115
The limbic system contains the h_________, a_______, and parts of the h____________.
Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus.
116
The limbic system involves ___________, ______, and ___ drive, as well as m______ and e________.
Aggression, hunger, and sex drive, as well as memory and emotion.
117
The _______ is at the bottom of the limbic system and is shaped like 2 almonds.
Amygdala.
118
Only in humans does the _________ make up such a large portion of the brain.
Cerebrum.
119
The _________ is the large mass of the forebrain.
Cerebrum.
120
The cerebrum's surface is called the c________ c_______.
Cerebral cortex.
121
The cerebral cortex is involved in:
Nearly every bodily activity.
122
What has two hemispheres and is walnut-shaped?
Cerebrum.
123
How many nerve fibers are in the corpus callosum?
200 million.
124
The parietal lobe lies behind the _______ ______
Central Fissure
125
The temporal lobe lies below the _______ ______
Lateral Fissure
126
The occipital lobe lies behind the _________ lobe and behind+below the ________ lobe.
Temporal, parietal.
127
When light hits the eye, neurons in the _________ lobe fire to make us "see."
Occipital.
128
The ____________ _______ lies behind the central fissure in the _________ lobe.
Somatosensory cortex, parietal.
129
The ________ ______ lies in the ________ lobe, just across the central fissure from the __________ ________.
Motor cortex, frontal, somatosensory.
130
The somatosensory and motor cortex are particularly adept with the ____ and our _____.
Face, hands.
131
Areas of the cerebral cortex not primarily involved in sensory or motor function are called ____________ areas.
Association
132
The association areas in the prefrontal cortex are the brain's __________ ______
Executive center.
133
Association areas provide the core of your _______ m_______.
Working memory.
134
TRUE OR FALSE: Association areas are connected with various sensory areas in the brain.
TRUE
135
Some neurons fire for vertical lines, others horizontal, others diagonal. What puts this info together?
Association areas
136
The left and right hemispheres d________ each others functions in some ways.
Duplicate.
137
The left hemisphere contains __________ functions for nearly all right-handed people and 2/3 left-handed people.
Language
138
The brain is changeable until the age of __, allowing for the transfer of function across hemispheres.
13.
139
2nd language learning is strongest at the age of _ as the brain loses plasticity.
6.
140
Damage to either Broca or Wernicke's area can cause ________.
Aphasia.
141
Wernicke's aphasia impairs ability to ___________ speech and think of the _______ ____s.
Comprehend, right words.
142
TRUE OR FALSE: It is Broca's aphasia, not Wernicke's aphasia, where people usually speak freely and with proper syntax.
FALSE
143
Broca's aphasia ___________ language but sometimes omit _____________ important words.
Understand, grammatically.
144
The _________ _____ lies between the visual cortex and Wernicke's area.
Angular gyrus.
145
The _________ ______ translates visual to audio. Damage impairs _________ ability.
Angular gyrus, reading.
146
In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere is more _________ in logical analysis, language, and problem-solving.
involved.
147
The right hemisphere is usually superior in _______-______ functions, ______ discrimination, f______ recognition, and c_________.
Visual-spatial, color, facial, creativity.
148
The functions of the hemispheres ________ to some degree.
Overlap.
149
Left-handed people have a slightly higher probability of m______, increased b____ p______, and l_______ problems.
migraines, blood pressure, language.
150
Left-handed people are more likely to be gifted a______, m________, and m___________.
Artists, musicians, mathematicians.
151
TRUE OR FALSE: Handedness may have a genetic component.
TRUE
152
What are the two types of glands?
Ducted and ductless.
153
Mutation is a _______ variation in a(n) ____________ characteristic.
Sudden, inheritable.
154
TRUE OR FALSE: Mutation is not a variation resulting from generations of gradual selection.
TRUE
155
Genetics is the subfield of biology that studies _________.
Heredity.
156
TRUE OR FALSE: Blood type is controlled by a single pair of genes, derived from each parent.
TRUE
157
What is an approximation of the number of genes in your cells?
20,000-25,000
158
Chromosomes are large complex molecules of ___.
DNA.
159
A single gene can contain ________ of ________ of ____ _____.
Hundreds of thousands of base pairs.
160
Complex traits like aggression and sociability are thought to be ___________, influenced by combinations of genes.
Polygenic
161
Your __________ is your full genetic potential/makeup.
Genotype
162
163
Environmental factors such as l_______ ___________, __________ i__________, n__________, e_________ determine phenotype.
Learning opportunities, cultural influences, nutrition, exercise.
164
A____________ and i_______ can determine phenotype as well.
Accident and illness.
165
People with down syndrome have an extra chromosome on pair __.
21.
166
First cousins share __._% of their genes.
12.5%
167
TRUE OR FALSE: Dizygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
FALSE
168
Adrenal glands are located above the ________s and have a c______ and m________.
Kidneys, cortex, medulla.
169
Adrenal glands are regulated by the p_________ hormone ______________.
Pituary adrenocorticotrophic.
170
Which of these is most responsible for releasing the hormone melatonin?
a. Pituary gland
b. Adrenal gland
c. Pineal gland.
d. Thyroid gland.
c.
171
The thyroid gland controls m_____________ through __________.
metabolism, thyroxin
172
What lobes of the pituary glands regulate the functioning of other glands?
The anterior and posterior lobes.
173
TRUE OR FALSE: Ducted glands are the ones to release hormones, not ductless glands.
FALSE
174
Ducted glands act as _____ for substances like milk and saliva.
Paths
175
TRUE OR FALSE: The endocrine system is made of ducted glands.
FALSE
176
The pituary gland is responsible for g_____ hormone, a___________ hormone, and __________.
growth, antidiuretic, prolactin.
177
What is most hormonal action for?
Maintaining steady states (fluids, blood sugar, etc)
178
What part of the brain is the pituary gland especially relevant to? It's also below this part of the brain.
The hypothalamus.
179
A negative feedback loop: The maintenance of ______ states requires feedback of _______ info to _______.
Steady, bodily, glands.
180
TRUE OR FALSE: The adrenal gland is responsible for releasing corticosteroids.
TRUE
181
Corticosteroids regulate h_________, s______, m______ development, and release of s____ from liver.
heartbeat, stress, muscle, sugars
182
The adrenal medulla releases e___________ and n___________ at the command of the ____________ nervous system.
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, sympathetic.
183
TRUE OR FALSE: norepinephrine is also known as adrenaline, not epinephrine.
FALSE
184
The adrenal glands also release some t___________.
Testosterone.
185
Secondary sex characteristics make the sexes __________ but are ___ _________ with reproduction.
Distinct, not connected
186
Ovaries produce e__________, p___________, and some t____________.
Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone.
187
"Factors" are __________ that stimulate the pituary gland to secrete _________ _________.
hormones, related hormones.
188
What part of the brain is responsible for factors?
The hypothalamus.
189
What pair of chromosomes are sex chromosomes?
23
190
How closely related are you to a second cousin?
6.25%
