Chapter 2-Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Kayleigh Turick

Define the pericardium

a two-layered sac of tissue enclosing the heart

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Define the right atrium

right upper chamber of the heart which receives blood from body

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Define left atrium

left upper chamber of heart which receives blood from lungs

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Define right ventricle

right lower chamber of heart which pumps blood to lungs

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Define left ventricle

left lower chamber of heart which pumps blood through body (biggest, strongest chamber of heart)

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Define the interventricular septum

partition or wall (septum) that divides the right and left ventricles

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Define the interatrial septum

wall of tissue that separates left an right atrium

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Describe the location and function of the endocardium

inner layer of heart that lines chambers and valves, the purkinje fibres are located myocardium above this layer

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Describe the location and function of the myocardium

middle, thickest muscular layer responsible for heart contractions

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Describe the location and function of the epicardium (also known as the visceral pericarium)

outside, thin layer of heart that contains the coronary arteries (also known as the inner layer of pericardium)

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Describe the function and location of the pericardium (made up of visceral and parietal pericardium)

double layer sac that encloses the heart. The inner layer is called the visceral pericardium and the outer layer is the parietal pericardium

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Define the tricuspid valve

valve located between right atrium and right ventricle, prevents backflow of blood into right atrium

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Define the mitral (bicuspid) valve

valve with two cusps or leaflets located between left atrium and left ventricle, prevents backflow of blood into left atrium

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Define chordae tendineae

structures that connect atrioventricular (tricuspid and mitral) valves to papillary muscles that prevent them from opening in wrong direction

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define papillary muscles

muscles in ventricles that anchor chordae tendineae and atrioventricular valves

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define pulmonary artery

large artery that transports deoxygenated from right ventricle to lungs, only artery carrying deoxygenated blood

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define aorta

largest artery of body, transports blood from left ventricle of heart ti entire body

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define semilunar valve

valve with half-moon shaped cusps that open and close allowing blood to travel only one way, located in the pulmonary artery and aorta

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define aortic semilunar valve

located in aorta that prevents backflow of blood into left ventricles

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define pulmonary semilunar valve

valve found in pulmonary artery that prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle during pulmonary circulation

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define vena cava

largest vein in body provides pathway for deoxygenated blood to return to heart, upper portion is the superior vena cava transports blood from head, arms, upper body, lower portion (inferior vena cava) transports blood from lower body and legs

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define pulmonary circulation

transportation of blood to and from lungs, blood is oxygenated in lungs during pulmonary circulation

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define systemic circulation

pathways for pumping blood throughout body and back to heart

define coronary circulation

circulation of blood to and from heart muscles

define stroke volume

volume of blood ejected with each contraction

define cardiac output

volume of blood pumped each minute

what is an average cardiac output

5L per minute

define systole

contraction phase of cardiac cycle, during which heart is pumping blood out to pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (body) circulation

define diastole

phase of cardiac cycle when heart is expanding and refilling, also known as relaxation phase

define automaticity

ability of heart to initiate electrical impulse without stimulation by independent source

define conductivity

ability of heart cells to receive and transmit an electrical impulse

define contractility

ability of heart muscle cells to shorten in response to electrical stimulus

define excitability

ability of heart muscle cells to respond to impulse or stimulus (irritability)

define sympathetic

branch of autonomic nervous system (ANS) that causes increase in heart rate

define parasympathetic

branch of autonomic nervous system (ANS) that helps slow heart rate

define the sinoatrial (SA) node

area of specialized cells in upper right atrium that initiates heartbeat

define Backmann's bundle

structure that relays electrical impulse from the SA node to the left atrium in normal heart

define atrioventricular (AV) node

delays electrical impulse to allow atria to complete contraction

define bundle of His (atrioventricular or AV bundle)

located next to AV node, provides transfer of electrical impulse from atria to ventricles

define bundle branches

left and right branches of bundle of His conduct impulses down either side of interventricular septum to left and right ventricles

define purkinje fibers

fibers within heart that distribute electrical impulses from cell to cell throughout ventricles

define purkinje network

spreads electrical impulse throughout ventricles by means of purkinje fibers

define polarization

state of cellular rest which inside is negatively charged and outside is positively charged

define depolarization

electrical activation of cells of heart initiates contraction of heart muscle

define repolarization

return of heart muscle cells to resting electrical state, causing heart muscle to relax

define isoelectric line

period when electrical tracing of ECG is at zero or straight line, no positive or negative deflection seen

define interval

period of time between two activities within heart

define segment

portion or part of electrical tracing produced by heart

define complexes

atrial or ventricular contractions as appear on ECG, complete ECG waveforms

define the appearance and activity of a P wave

-upward small curve -atrial depolarization resulting in atrial contraction

define the appearance and activity of a QRS complex

-Q,R,S waves -ventricular depolarization and resulting ventricular contract (larger than P wave), atrial repolarization occurs (not seen)

define the appearance and activity of a T wave

-small upward-sloping curve -ventricular repolarization

define the appearance and activity of a U wave

-upward small curve -repolarization of Purkinje fibers (not always seen), may be seen in instances of electrolyte imbalance

define the appearance and activity of a PR Interval

-P wave and baseline prior to QRS complex -beginning of atrial depolarization to beginning of ventricular depolarization

define the appearance and activity of a QT Interval

-QRS complex, ST segment, and T wave -period of time from start of ventricular depolarization to end of ventricular repolarization

define the appearance and activity of an ST segment

-end of QRS complex to beginning of T wave -time between ventricular depolarization and beginning of ventricular repolarization