Chapter 2: Cell biology and organisation

Question 1

(Function) Mitochondria

Answer 1

• Energy released in the form of ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate)
• Generates energy through glucose oxidation process during cell respiration

Question 2

(Function) Centriole

Answer 2

• Forms spindle fibres during cell division in animal cells

Question 3

(Function) Golgi Apparatus

Answer 3

• Processes, modifies, packs and transport chemicals such as proteins, carbohydrates & glycoprotein

Question 4

(Function) Nucleus

Answer 4

• Controls all cells activities

Question 5

(Function) Ribosome

Answer 5

• Site for protein synthesis

Question 6

(Function) Lysosome

Answer 6

• Breaks down bacteria & components of damaged cells

- Hydrolyses complex organic molecules such as protein, nucleic acid & lipid

Question 7

(Function) Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

• The transport system within the cell

Question 8

(Function) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 8

• Transport protein synthesised by ribosome

Question 9

(Function) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 9

• Synthesises & transport glycerol and lipids

Question 10

(Function) Vacuole

Answer 10

• Water absorbs into the vacuole and becomes turgid

Question 11

(Function) Chloroplast

Answer 11

• Chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight and converts it into chemical energy through photosynthesis

Question 12

(Function) Cytoplasm

Answer 12

• Act as a medium for biochemical reactions in cells

Question 13

(Function) Cell wall

Answer 13

• Mantain the shape of the cell

- Provides mechanical support to plant cell

Question 14

Living processes in UNICELLULAR organisms

There’s 7 of them

Answer 14

1. Movement
2. Responding to stimuli
3. Nutrients
4. Respiration
5. Growth
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction

Question 15

Living processes in UNICELLULAR organisms

What is respiration?

Answer 15

• Exchange of oxygen & CO2 gasses occur through the plasma membrane by SIMPLE DIFFUSION on the surface of the cell

Question 16

Living processes in UNICELLULAR organisms

Explain growth in Amoeba sp.

Answer 16

• Amoeba sp. grow through synthesising new cytoplasm

Question 17

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

There are 6 type of CELLS.

Answer 17

1. Muscle cell
2. Nerve cell
3. White blood cell
4. Epithelial cell
5. Red blood cell
6. Sperm cell

Question 18

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is Muscle cell?

Answer 18

• Contract & relax to generate movements

Question 19

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is Nerve cell?

Answer 19

• Sends nerve impulses

Question 20

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is White blood cell?

Answer 20

• Destroy pathogens

Question 21

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is Epithelial cell?

Answer 21

• Coats the surface of the digestive track

Question 22

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is Red blood cell?

Answer 22

• Optimize the transportation of O2

Question 23

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

What is sperm cell?

Answer 23

• Has a long tail to enable it to swim to the Fallopian tube

- The head that carries a set of male chromosomes

Question 24

Living processes in MULTICELLULAR organisms

There are 6 of them (PLANTS)

Answer 24

1. Sieve tube element
2. Xylem vessels
3. Palisade mesophyll cell
4. Spongy mesophyll cell
5. Guard cells
6. Root hair

Question 25

Explain sieve tube element

Answer 25

- Transport organic materials from the leaf to the fruits (storage organ)

Question 26

Explain xylem vessel

Answer 26

- Transport water & mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant

Question 27

Explain palisade mesophyll cell

Answer 27

- High chlorophyll density | - The arrangement allows the maximum absorption of sunlight for photosynthesis

Question 28

Explain spongy mesophyll cell

Answer 28

- Loosely arrange with lots of air spaces between | - Large air space allows exchange of gas from the inside of the leaves to the palisade mesophyll cells

Question 29

Explain guard cells

Answer 29

- Controls the opening and closing of stoma

Question 30

Explain root hair

Answer 30

- To allow the absorption of water & mineral salts | - Has long projectiles to increase the surface area for absorption of water & mineral salts

Question 31

Type of epithelial tissue - Thick - Flat - No holes - Looks like skin but not Where can this be found?

Answer 31

- Mouth | - Esophagus

Question 32

Type of epithelial tissue - Thin - Flat - No holes - Looks like skin but not Where can this be found?

Answer 32

- Lungs - Body cavities - Blood vessels

Question 33

Type of epithelial tissue - Thick - Hairy looking - Hole - Looks like carpet but not Where can this be found?

Answer 33

- Trachea | - Bronchus

Question 34

Type of epithelial tissue - Thick - Flat - holes - Looks like skin but not, because of the hole Where can this be found?

Answer 34

- small intestine

Question 35

Type of epithelial tissue - Round - Cylindrical - A hole in the middle - Looks like a long donut but not Where can this be found?

Answer 35

- Tubules - Kidney ducts - glands

Question 36

Type of tissues There's 4 types of tissues

Answer 36

1. Muscle 2. Epithelial 3. Nerve 4. Connective

Question 37

Type of muscle tissues There's 3

Answer 37

1. Smooth 2. Skeletal 3. Cardiac

Question 38

Explain nerve tissues

Answer 38

- made out of nerve cells / neurons - each neurons consist of cell body (dendrite) & nerve fibre (axon) - detect stimuli & send nerve impulses in the form of electrical signal to the muscles / glands

Question 39

Types of connective tissues There's 6

Answer 39

1. blood tissue 2. loose connective tissue 3. bone 4. fibrous connective tissue 5. adipose tissue 6. cartilage