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Biology - Human Anatomy > Chapter 2 - Cell Compartmentalization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cell Compartmentalization Flashcards

1
Q

Give a definition of a cell (3 points).

A
  • Cells are the smallest unit of life that is composed of molecules + pre-existing cells.
  • Organisms’ activities are based on cell activities.
  • All living things are composed of cells.
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2
Q

What is a Prokaryotic cell? (4 points)

A

-Plants + animals cells
- Has no nucleus –> DNA found in the cytoplasm (not separated from it)
- No membrane-enclosed organelles in the cytoplasm
- DNA is circular

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3
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cell? (4 points)

A
  • Bacteria + Archea cells
  • Has nucleus –> DNA is separated from the cytoplasm
  • Has membrane-enclosed organelles in the cytoplasm
  • DNA is coiled + linear strands
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4
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane? What are its functions? (3 points)

A
  • Separate the inside of the cell from the external environment
  • Structural support
  • Regulates movement of nutrients + wasted coming in + out of the cell
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5
Q

What is the Cytoplasm? What are its functions? (3 points)

A
  • Thick + transparent fluid between plasma membrane + nucleus
  • Contains + keeps organelles in place
  • Transport system
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6
Q

List 5 membrane-bound organelles.

A
  1. Mitochondrion
  2. ER
  3. Golgi complex
  4. Nucleus
  5. Lysosome
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7
Q

What is the nucleus? What are its functions?

A
  • Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of genes
  • Controls cells (activities)
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8
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

A nuclear envelope that allows communication between nucleus + cytoplasm via nuclear pores

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9
Q
  1. What is DNA organized into?
  2. How many pairs do humans have? And in total?
  3. What happens to them during cell division?
  4. When they are extended, what are they called?
A
  1. Chrosomosomes
  2. 23 pairs –> 46 in total
  3. Condense
  4. Chromatin
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10
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? What is its function?

A
  • Network of canals
  • Transports proteins from ribosomes to Golgi complex
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11
Q

What is the Rough ER? What is its function? (3 points)

A
  • Membrane factory for the cell
  • Has embedded ribosomes
  • Produces proteins + membranes that are distributed by transport vesicles
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12
Q

What is the Smooth ER? What are its functions? (6 points)

A
  • No ribosomes attached
  • Rich in enzymes
  • Synthesizes lipids + phospholipids + steroids
  • Metabolizes carbs
  • Stores calcium
  • Detoxifies poison (alcohol)
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13
Q

What is the Golgi Complex? What are its functions?

A
  • Flattened membrane sacs (not continuous)
  • Process + sort + modify proteins into transport vesicles
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14
Q

What is a Lysosome?

A

Plays a role in intracellular digestion:
- Bacteria + lipids + proteins
- Worn out/faulty organelles
- Recycling molecules = autophagy

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14
Q

List the 3 different enzymes that lysosomes contain. What are their differences?

A
  1. Proteases: break down protein
  2. Nucleases: break down DNA + RNA
  3. Phospholipases (acidic): repairs + search + destroys
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15
Q

What are Vesicles and Vacuoles? (3 points)

A
  • Hollow sacs surrounded by a membrane (vacuoles are larger)
  • Produced by ER + Golgi
  • Store + transport chemicals throughout the cell
16
Q

What is a Mitochondria (Powerhouse of the cell)? What are its functions?

A
  • Site of cellular respiration: reaction of glucose into energy (ATP)
  • Contains inner foldings (cristae) that provide more membrane surface for cellular respiration
17
Q

How do these organelles interact with each other? (4 steps)

A
  1. Rough ER’s ribosomes produce proteins.
  2. The proteins are packaged into transport vesicles and transported to the Golgi Complex.
  3. Golgi sorts + modifies these proteins.
  4. The proteins are packaged into transport vesicles and transported to the plasma membrane for secretion.
18
Q

List 6 non-membranous organelles.

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Cytoskeleton (Microtubules + Microfilaments + Intermediate Filaments)
19
Q

What is the Nucleolus’ function?

A

Produces ribosomal RNA + ribosomes for protein synthesis

20
Q

What are Ribosomes? What are their functions? (3 points)

A
  • Produced by nucleolus
  • Present on Rough ER + free in cytoplasm
  • Site where protein molecules are assembled
21
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton? What is its function?

A
  • Composed of Microtubules + Intermediate Filaments + Microfilaments
  • Provides shape + support + flexibility for the cell
22
Q

What are Microtubules? What are its 3 functions?

A
  • Cylindrical tubes
    1. Supports the cell by making it rigid + moving chromosomes
    2. Mobility via cilia + flagella
    3. Intracellular transport
23
Q

What are the Flagella and the Cilia? (3 points)

A
  • Microtubular structures used for movement
  • Cilia: Short extensions that move back + forth
  • Flagella: Tails that move in an undulating manner
24
Q

Explain how asbestos targets specific organelles (4 points).

A

By inhaling asbestos particles:
1. Destroys the membrane of lysosomes of the respiratory tract
2. Releases the lysosomes’ enzymes into the cells’ cytoplasm
3. Destroying the cell

  • Leads to irreversible lung tissue damage
25
Q

Explain how smoking targets specific organelles (2 points).

A
  • Smoking destroys cilia (made out of microtubules) of the cells lining the respiratory tract
  • No cilia = no ability to move debris and mucus away from the lungs.

Biology - Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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