Chapter 2 Cells

Question 1

Cell theory

Answer 1

organisms are made of cells, the smallest and most basic unit of life, and come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

Three-domain hierarchy

Answer 2

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 3

Animalia, Plante, Fungi, Protista

Answer 3

Eukaryotic

Question 4

Bacteria, and Archaea

Answer 4

Prokaryotic

Question 5

Prokaryote

Answer 5

cells that lack a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelles.
-Smaller
-Contain a cell envelope, which has a cell wall and membrane.
-Cytoplasm, fluid inside the cell
-Ribosome, makes proteins
-Singular circular chromosome, known as nucleoid (No membrane around it)
-Flagella, a tail that propels it
-Pilli, spikes that stick out
-Plasmids, extrachromosomal loops
-Polysaccharide capsule, a carbohydrate
-Some bacteria are gram-negative and have a second lipid membrane outside the cell wall.

Question 6

Coccus

Answer 6

ball-shaped

Question 7

bacillus

Answer 7

rod-shaped

Question 8

vibrio

Answer 8

banana-shaped

Question 9

spirochaete

Answer 9

squiggly

Question 10

Prokaryotes are arranged

Answer 10

-Diplo, pairs
-Staphylo, bunches
-Strepto, strings

Question 11

Eukaryotes

Answer 11

cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
-More complex
-Many structures with different roles

Question 12

Animal vs Plant cell

Answer 12

-Plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells don’t
-Plant cells have a large vacuole, animal cells don’t
-Plant cells have plasmodesmata, animal cells don’t
-Plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells don’t
-Animal cells have a centrosome, plant cells don’t
Animal cells have lysosomes, plant cells don’t

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

a large organelle that contains the genetic material of the cell.
-Surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
-Has coded instructions for building proteins
-Nucleolus, the dark area in a nucleus, is where ribosomes are made.

Question 14

Ribosomes

Answer 14

are not membrane-bound organelles, they make proteins.
-60% made of rRNA, 40% made of protein.
-Read genetic code from mRNA to synthesize proteins.

Question 15

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 15

transports materials throughout the cytoplasm.
-It is a network of membranous channels.
-Dotted with ribosomes.

Question 16

mitochondria

Answer 16

produces ATP, which is energy released for the cell.
-Surrounded by a double membrane.
-Contains its DNA on a circular chromosome, with ribosomes to make proteins.
-Produces ATP from cellular respiration, the breaking down of glucose.

Question 17

lysosomes

Answer 17

contain digestive enzymes, that breakdown things in the cell

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

modifies and packages proteins to export from the cell.
-Stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs.

Question 19

centrioles

Answer 19

organises spindle fibres during mitosis and meiosis.
-2 Centrioles move apart to opposite sides of the cell.
-Found only in animal cells.

Question 20

cilia/flagella

Answer 20

that form a whip, that propels a cell through fluid.
-Contain protein fibres to swim in a waving movement

Question 21

chloroplasts

Answer 21

contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis, the process of converting water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
-Large organelles bound by 2 layers of membrane.
-Within it are thylakoids, stacked in grana, between them is a fluid called stroma.
-Found only in plant cells.

Question 22

large vacuoles

Answer 22

create turgor pressure, to give the plant structure.
-Also stores metabolic waste.
-Membrane-bound sac containing water and dissolved ions

Question 23

cytoplasm

Answer 23

includes the cells between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane of a cell.
-Not organelles, just major parts of a cell.

Question 24

cytosol

Answer 24

the fluid inside a cell
-Not organelles, just major parts of a cell.

Question 25

SA:V

Answer 25

a comparison of surface area to volume.
-The more volume, the smaller the ratio between SA:V.
-SA:V decreases as size increases.
-SA:V decreases when a shape becomes more spherical.
-Cells usually have small and flat shapes to increase SA:V.

Question 26

villus

Answer 26

finger-like projections that increase the SA of the intestinal wall.
-Helps absorb food more efficiently.

Question 27

mircovilli

Answer 27

make up the villi to increase the SA:V of the Villus