Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis for Life Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
Chemistry
A
- The Composition of Substances and How They Change
2
Q
Biochemistry
A
- The chemistry of living things
3
Q
Organic Chemistry
A
- The chemistry of Carbon Based Molecules
4
Q
Bulk Elements
A
- Elements required in large amounts
ex: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorous
5
Q
Trace Elements
A
- Elements required in small amounts
6
Q
Atomic Number
A
- Number of Protons, Located Above the Atomic Symbol
7
Q
Atomic Mass
A
- The Number of Protons and Neutrons in the Element
8
Q
How to find Neutrons
A
- Subtract the Atomic Number from the Atomic Mass
9
Q
Proton Charge
A
- Positive
10
Q
Neutron Charge
A
- Neutral
11
Q
- Electron Charge
A
- Negative
12
Q
Net Charge Of An Atom
A
- It is Neutral Due To The Protons and Electrons Inside the Nucleus Balancing It Out.
13
Q
Number Of Electron Shells Located On A Nucleus
A
- First Shell = 2 Electrons
- Second Shell - 8 Electrons
- Third Shell = 18 Electrons
14
Q
Ion
A
- An Atom That Has Lost Or Gained and Electron
15
Q
Anion
A
- Negative Ion that contains more electrons than protons
16
Q
Cation
A
- Positive ion that contains more protons than electrons
17
Q
Isotopes
A
- Contain a different number of neutrons than a regular element
18
Q
Molecule
A
- Two or more atoms joined together (NA + NA)
19
Q
Compounds
A
- Two atoms of different compounds joined together
20
Q
What are the 3 types of bonding
A
- Covalent
- Compound
- Hydrogen
21
Q
Covalent Bonding
A
- Formed when two atoms SHARE electrons
22
Q
Ionic Bonding
A
- Are the TRANSFER of atoms from one to another
23
Q
Hydrogen Bonding
A
- Attraction of molecules due to their charges
24
Q
Solvent
A
- A substance in which other things can be dissolved in
25
Solutes
- Are chemicals added to a solvent
26
Solvent + Solute =
Solution
27
What makes water an ideal transport medium?
- It allows molecules to move molecules
| ex: Blood
28
Hydrophillic
- Water Loving
29
Hydrophobic
- Water Hating
30
Describe One Property That Makes Water Important For Life
- Water is the "Universal Solvent" and is used to dissolve a number of different solutes.
31
Three Types of Chemical Reactions
- Synthesis
- Decomposition
- Exchange
32
Synthesis Reaction
- A newer more complex chemical is made from multiple, simpler chemicals. (Energy Required)
- X + Y = XY
33
Decomposition Reaction
- A single, complex chemical is broken down into multiple, simpler chemicals. (Energy is Released)
- XY = X+ Y
34
Exchange Reaction
- Certain atoms are exchanged between molecules ( No net energy)
- AB+XY = AY +BX
35
Types of Inorganic Compounds
- Water
- Salt
- Acids
- Bases
36
Acids
- Donate a proton when dissolved in water
| - Hydrogen Donors and Proton Donors
37
Bases
- Accept a proton when added to water
| - Proton Acceptors
38
What happens when the body isnt at a neutral PH?
- If the body is not at a neutral PH the body can go into Acidosis or Alkalosis.
39
Organic Compounds Include.....
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
40
Types of Organic Compounds
- Monosaccharide
- Polysaccharide
- Disaccharides
41
Monosaccharides
- 3 to 7 Carbon Atoms in a chain or ring
42
Disaccharides
- Two monosaccharides joined together
43
Polysaccharide
- Combination of many saccharides
44
Dehydration Synthesis
- When water is created from the reaction of that forms disaccharides from monosaccharides
45
Hydrolysis
- When disaccharides are decomposed into its monosaccharide components (Using water in the reaction)
46
Lipids
- Used in the body for energy and stored in fat for future energy
47
Carbohydrates
- Used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structure
48
What are the 4 classes of lipids?
- neutral fats (triglycerides)
- phospholipids
- steroids
- eicosanoids
49
What are triglycerides made of?
- 3 fatty acids
| - one glycerol molecule
50
What is Glycerol?
- A modified three-carbon simple sugar
51
What is a Fatty Acid?
- A chain of carbon atoms with one or two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom by single or double bonds.
52
When is a fatty acid called SATURATED
- When the hydrocarbon chain is a single bond
53
When is the fatty acid called UNSATURATED?
- When they hydrocarbon chain has a double bond
54
What is the difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?
- The triglyceride contains three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone, while phospholipids contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol.
55
What Are Eicosanoids?
- Lipids that form a 20 - carbon fatty acid structure and a ring
56
What Are Steroids?
- Lipids that take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
57
What Makes Up A Amino Acid?
- Central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, an amino acid (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain (R)
58
What does the "R" group do?
- Defines each amino acid
59
Peptide Chain
- A chain of 10 or more amino acids linked together
60
What is a chain of 100 (+) amino acids?
- A Protein
61
What is a protein?
- The most abundant organic molecule in the body
62
What the the functions of a protein?
- Cell structure and structural body tissue
- controlling chemical reactions
- regulating growth
- transporting molecules
- defending the body against invaders
- catalyzing reactions inside the body
63
Primary Structure
- The sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form a poly peptide chain
64
Secondary Structure
- the natural bend of parts of the peptide chain as it
| is formed in three dimensions
65
What are the most common shapes of a protein?
- The alpha - helix and the beta-pleated sheet
66
Tertiary Structure
- The overall shape of a single protein
67
Quaternary Structure
- Two or more protein chains formed a complex molecule
68
What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?
- DNA and RNA
69
- What sugar is in each DNA AND RNA?
- Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA
70
What bases occur in DNA?
- Gunanine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Thyamine
71
What bases occie in RNA?
- Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Uracil
72
Codon
- The grouping of three nucleotides in DNA and RNA
73
What are the three types of RNA?
- Messenger RNA (mRna)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
74
What is the differences between DNA and RNA
- DNA contains Deoxyribose and Thyamine, while RNA contains Uracil for its base and ribose.
75
What is ATP
- Is a RNA nucleotide that contains adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached
76
What is the function of ATP
- Fuels the Body to do work
