Chapter 2, Chemical basis for life Flashcards

Question

How does a weak acid act as a buffer

Answer 1

It helps the cell maintain a neutral pH by not allowing excessive hydrogen or hydroxyl ions to accumulate. In water, a weak acid will initially ionize into: (1) free hydrogen (H+) ions, (2) a weak base product, and (3) remaining intact weak acid molecules. The pH of the solution is not changed much because some of the chemical remains in acid form and some remains in the form of a weak base.

Answer 2

As a nutrient (for example, glucose) is catabolized, the energy created is stored in ATP molecules. ATP stores this energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups. When these bonds are broken (catabolized/hydrolyzed), that energy is released from the ATP molecule. To use the energy stored in ATP, enzymes must move the terminal phosphate group to another molecule. The receiving molecule is then temporarily has energy to do some work. During this process the ATP molecule loses a phosphate group and becomes ADP. Another phosphate group can also be used, resulting in the creation of a molecule of AMP. As more glucose and other nutrients are metabolized, phosphate groups are joined to AMP, creating a renewed source of ATP.

Answer 3

Enzymes speed up or catalyze chemical reactions without being destroyed or altered. Enzymes are specific to the reaction they catalyze and the substrates they use

Answer 4

ATP is an RNA nucleotide containing the nitrogen base adenine with three aditional phosphate groups attached.

Answer 5

Atoms are neutral. They contain the same number of protons as electrons. An ion is an electrically charged particle produced by either removing electrons from a neutral atom to yield a positive ion or adding electrons to a neutral atom to yield a negative ion.

Answer 6

There are five different nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), uracil (U), and thymine (T). Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are found in DNA. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil are found in RNA. Much less important -These five nitrogenous bases are further divided into two groups based on their molecular structure: purines and pyrimidines. Purines include adenine and guanine and have two rings in their molecular structure. Pyrimidines, which include thymine, cytosine, and uracil, are single-ringed molecules.

Answer 7

Chemicals/molecules that mix well or disolve in water

Answer 8

An electrically charged atom or molecule. It has gained or lost an electron Cations are positive (more protons than electrons) and Anions are negative (more electrons than protons).

Answer 9

One or more atoms with a different number of neutrons than protons. Atomic number # protons) is different than their mass. If it has eight neutrons they become radioactive isotope (Carbon 14)

Answer 10

Produced by lipid metabolism. Too many can make you sick. Not as important- Usually produced by AcetylCoA from fatty aids in the liver.

Answer 11

Water, salts, and acids and bases

Answer 12

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Answer 13

Anything that occupies space and has mass, can often be identified with out senses, is not the same as weight, composed of one or more elements

Answer 14

A group of atoms (or sometimes a single atom) bonded together, the smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical properties of that compound

Answer 15

Simple sugars composed of only one monomer. They are so small they need no digestion before being absorbed. less important- A type of carbohydrate. Examples - glucose, fructose and ribose.

Answer 16

neutrally charged particle, located in the nucleus

Answer 17

A nucleotide is the building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and AA. They are small organic compounds that contain one or more phosphate groups and a five carbon sugar attached to a nitrogenous b ase. Has C, H, O, N, P.

Answer 18

a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units. The short chains of sugar monomers covalent bonded together. If it's only two it's a dissacharide. Examples- lactose, sucrose.

Answer 19

Electrons spend more time on one atom than another, creating oppositely charged ends. A good example is the water molecule

Answer 20

complex carbohydrates with many sugar monomers that form chains or branches (glycogen, starch and cellulose)

Answer 21

positive charged particles, located in the nucleus

Answer 22

Mineral compounds that have ionic bonds. The principle form of minerals that enter and are stored in the body. When salts are added to water they immediately ionize. In the ionized form they are known as electrolytes (ions) and can transmit an electric charge

Answer 23

Homogeneous - can be gas, liquid,sold Solutes are tiny Solutes evenly distributed, do not settle or reflect light Solutions are usually clear

Answer 24

1st - amino acids 2nd- hydrogen bonds along length of AA, causing bending 3rd - bonding of AA, causing further looping 4th - Hydrogen bonds or bonds between R groups join two or more polypeptide chains. Primary structure is the sequence of AA linked together to form peptide chains. Secondary structure is the natural bends of the peptide chains. The tertiary structure is the overall shape of a protein molecule. The quaternary structure is when to or more protein chains join to form a complex macromolecule

Answer 25

Heterogeneous mixtures that contain large solutes that readily separate from the solution when there's no movement of suspension

Answer 26

concentration of reactants- more reactants means they are more likely to come in contact with each other and react Temperature of environment - Warmer molecules move faster and the more likely they are to come into contact with each other Activation energy- Some reactions have a higher activation energy and require an input of more energy for the reaction to occur. These reactions will occur at a slower pace. Presence of catalyst (enzyme)

Answer 27

Synthesis, decomposition, exchange synthesis- A new, more complex chemical is made from multiple simpler chemicals. X+Y= XY. Anabolic Decomposition - A complex substance breaks down into its simpler parts. XY ->X + Y . Catabolic Certain atoms are exchanged between molecules. It is a combination of a synthesis and a decomposition reaction. WX+YZ-> WY+XZ

Answer 28

Water is the universal solvent Water is an ideal transport medium Water has high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization Water is used for lubrication

Answer 29

The body is 60% water. This is made up of ECF (Extracellular Fluid that surrounds cells) which is approximately 20% of body weight - 15% interstitial (between the cells) and 5% plasma(in blood). 40% of the body is solids; ICF (intracellular fluid) makes up 40% of that.

Answer 30

filtration, straining, evaporation and centrifugation

Answer 31

Carbon is electrically neutral and can form four covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms. It can take on a linear structure or a ring structure from which functional groups extend.

Answer 32

Hydrogen bonds can form between molecules. Hydrogen bonding is the key to water’s unique properties as a universal medium. Hydrogen bonds can also form between parts of the same molecule, giving it increased stability. DNA is a double helix because hydrogen bonds hold together base pairs. The complex folding in protein molecules is because of hydrogen bonds

Answer 33

A compound includes two or more elements that are chemically bonded to one another via covalent or ionic bonds. The elements are present in a specific ratio, which is consistent for a particular compound.

Answer 34

A mixture is a combination of two or more ingredients that are chemically unchanged when combined with one another. Mixtures can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Three types- solution, colloid, suspension

Answer 35

A peptide is a molecule consisting of two or more amino acids in which the carboxyl group of one acid is linked to the amino group of the other.

Answer 36

An element is matter that cannot be divided by ordinary chemical processes into another substance.

Answer 37

Dehydration synthesis, which is a synthesis reaction joining two monosaccharides and forming a disaccharide. Water is formed during the reaction and extracted from the saccharides

Answer 38

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 39

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 40

Occur when there is a weak attraction between a slightly negative atom in a polar covalent bond and slightly positive hydrogen atom involved in a second polar covalent bond. Hydrogen bonds are formed mostly between molecules (for example, between water molecules) and act to stabilize the solution. Hydrogen bonding is the key to water’s unique properties as a universal solvent and a medium for the life processes. Hydrogen bonds can also form between parts of the same molecule. This works to stabilize and hold the shape of large, complex molecules such as proteins and DNA.

Answer 41

Acid. Acids are substances that can donate H+ ions to bases. Since a hydrogen atom is a proton and one electron, technically an H+ ion is just a proton. So an acid is a "proton donor", and a base is a "proton acceptor". The reaction between an acid and base is essentially a proton transfer.

Answer 42

Any of 116 known substances that cannot be separated into smaller substances. The smallest unit of an element is an atom

Answer 43

Occur when there is a weak attraction between a slightly negative atom in a polar covalent bond and slightly positive hydrogen atom involved in a second polar covalent bond. It is more of an electrostatic attraction than a true bond.

Answer 44

Protons are positive and found in the nucleus, neutron are neutral found in the nucleus electrons-arenegative circling the outside of the atom. A neutral atom has the same number of protons and electrons.

Answer 45

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Shown in orange on the periodic table.

Answer 46

A compound is a type of molecule in which the atoms forming it are different from each other. A molecule is the union of two more atoms of the same (or different) elements and is the smallest unit of a compound.

Answer 47

Covalent, ionic and the hydrogen bond

Answer 48

Neutral Fats. One glycerol unit and 3 fatty acid chains. Double bonds are unsaturated (oils) and single chains are saturated (fats)

Answer 49

Water is utilized when a disaccharide is decomposed into monosaccharides

Answer 50

Building block for carbs and nucleic acids

Answer 51

lipids that take the form of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings. An important one is cholesterol.

Answer 52

Two sugar units. Lactose is an example.

Answer 53

Two or more amino acids linked together

Answer 54

Two or more amino acids linked together

Answer 55

structural proteins (most) - used for adding strength to tissues or cells. fibrous protein. Examples- collagen, fibrin, keratin. Globular proteins are specialized structural proteins. Globular- Examples hormones, antibodies hormone based enzymes and steroids Functional protein -highly chemical active molecule. (Enzymes are an example)

Answer 56

Weak acids or bases. They do not completely ionize in water. They stabilize the solution. Most common buffer system in medicine - Bicarbonate. (body PH is 7.4)

Answer 57

Alkaline compound, freely releases OH ions into the water, electrolyte. Example sodium hydroxide

Answer 58

Largest molecule in the body. Composed of C, H, O, N, P. Found in DNA, RNA, ATP. Formed through long chains of nucleotides

Answer 59

New and more complex chemicle is made by combining smaller molecules . X + Y -> XY. An example a protein molecue. Formed through amino acids. This is an anabolic process. Seen with growth and repair of tissues

Answer 60

A single chemical is broken into multiple chemical units. XY -> X+Y. An example is glycogen is broken down to release glucose molecules. (Glycogen is found in the liver and muscles). Seen in digeston

Answer 61

Sequence of nucleotides that carries information to make one peptide chain

Answer 62

H+ donor. Freely releases H into water, electrolyte. Example NaCl

Answer 63

concentration of chemicals, temperature of environment, activation energy, presence of a catalyst.

Answer 64

Certain atoms are exchanged between molecules. ATP is an example. The terminal phosphate is moved

Answer 65

ATP is the energy currency of cells, ATP is an RNA nucleotide. Adenine with two phosphate groups attached. Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds

Answer 66

The complex , interrelated chemical processes that make life possible. Two components - anabolism and catabolism

Answer 67

They are a lipid made of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. They are triglycerides (3 fatty acids).

Answer 68

Lipids made up of two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate group. Lipid Bilayer- surrounded by water

Answer 69

Made up of 20 fatty acids in a ring structure

Answer 70

A lipid with a chain of carbon atoms with one or two hydrogen atoms. most abundant in the body, provide more than twice the energy of carbs **Saturated fatty acids- found in butter and lard **Unsaturated fatty acids- derived from plants (corn oil, olive oil)

Answer 71

Chemical formula is C6H12O6

Chapter 2, Chemical basis for life Flashcards

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