Chapter 2: Chemical Level

Question 1

3 components of non-living things

Answer 1

1. Matter
2. Mass
3. Weight

Question 2

Matter

Answer 2

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 3

Mass

Answer 3

The amount of matter in any object

Question 4

Weight

Answer 4

The force of gravity acting on matter

Question 5

4 major chemical elements of the body

Answer 5

1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen

Question 6

8 lesser elements of the body

Answer 6

1. Calcium
2. Phosphorus (P)
3. Potassium (K)
4. Sulfur (S)
5. Sodium (Na)
6. Chlorine (Cl)
7. Magnesium (Mg)
8. Iron (Fe)

Question 7

Atoms

Answer 7

Make up elements and are the smallest units of matter

Question 8

Subatomic particles (3 types)

Answer 8

Make up atoms:
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons

Question 9

Atomic number

Answer 9

The # of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 10

Mass number

Answer 10

The sum of an atoms protons and neutrons

Question 11

Isotopes

Answer 11

Atoms of an element that have different #’s of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

Question 12

Ions

Answer 12

An atom that has a positive or negative charge b/c it has unequal #’s of protons and electrons (e.g., Ca2+)

Question 13

Molecule

Answer 13

When 2 or more atoms share electrons (e.g., O2, H2O)

Question 14

Compound

Answer 14

A substance containing atoms of 2+ different elements (e.g., H2O, NaCl)

Question 15

Chemical bonds (3 types)

Answer 15

Forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or compound, form when valence shell is chemically unstable
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Hydrogen

Question 16

Ionic bonds

Answer 16

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opp. charges resulting in a gain or loss of electrons (e.g., NaCl)

Question 17

Covalent bonds

Answer 17

When 2+ share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

Types:
1. Non-polar = electrons shared equally (e.g., CH4)
2. Polar = electrons shared unequally (e.g., H2O)

Question 18

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 18

Result from attraction of opp. charged parts of molecules (weakest type)

Question 19

Surface tension

Answer 19

A measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

Question 20

Cohesion

Answer 20

The tendency of like particles to stay together (hydrogen bonds that link water molecules)

Question 21

3 types of energy

Answer 21

1. Potential = energy stored in matter
2. Chemical = energy stored in chemical bonds
3. Kinetic = energy of motion

Question 22

Low of conservation of energy

Answer 22

The total amount of energy present at the beginning and end of a chemical rxn is the same. Although energy cannot be created or destroyed, it may be converted from one form to another

Question 23

Catalysts

Answer 23

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a rxn to occur (e.g., enzymes)

Question 24

5 types of chemical rxns

Answer 24

1. Synthesis (anabolism)
2. Decomposition (catabolism)
3. Exchange
4. Reversible
5. Redox (transfer of electrons btw atoms/molecules)

Question 25

Inorganic compounds

Answer 25

Usually lack carbon + structurally simple (e.g., CO2, HCO3-, H2O)

Question 26

Organic compounds

Answer 26

Always contain carbon, always have covalent bonds

Question 27

Water

Answer 27

The most important abundant inorganic, polar compound in all living systems: - Solvent (dissolves other substances) - High heat capacity / heat of vaporization (requires a lot of heat to change state) - Lubricant

Question 28

Hydrophilic

Answer 28

Water loving (polar)

Question 29

Hydrophobic

Answer 29

Water fearing (non-polar)

Question 30

Chemical rxns involving water (2 types)

Answer 30

1. Hydrolysis = decomposition rxn involving water and breaks large molecules into smaller molecules 2. Dehydration synthesis = when two smaller molecules join to form larger molecule(s) and water

Question 31

3 types of liquid mixtures

Answer 31

1. Solution = small solute particles (transparent) 2. Colloid = large solute particles (opaque) 3. Suspension = contains solute particles that settle out + accumulate

Question 32

Buffer systems

Answer 32

Fxn to convert strong acids/bases in body fluids into weak acids/bases (weak acids/bases do not ionize easily) by adding / removing H+ and OH-

Question 33

5 types of organic compounds

Answer 33

1. Carbs 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids 5. ATP

Question 34

Macromolecule

Answer 34

Small organic molecules that combine into large ones (e.g., carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

Question 35

Polymers

Answer 35

A large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building block molecules called monomers

Question 36

Carbohydrates (organic molecule 1)

Answer 36

Fxn = source of chemical energy to make ATP Key elements = C, H, O 3 groups: 1. Monosaccharides (atoms) 2. Disaccharides (2 mono. joined via dehydration synthesis) 3. Polysaccharides (3+ mono. joined via dehydration synthesis) e.g., sugar, glycogen, starch, cellulose

Question 37

Lipids (organic molecule 2)

Answer 37

Key elements = C, H, O Groups: 1. Fatty acids 2. Triglycerids 3. Phospholipids 4. Steriods 5. Eicosanoids 6. Fat-soluble vitamins 7. Lipoproteins

Question 38

Monosaccharide

Answer 38

Simple sugar composed of atoms; soluble in water

Question 39

Disaccharides

Answer 39

Simple sugar composed of 2 mono. via dehydration synthesis; soluble in water

Question 40

Polysaccharides

Answer 40

Composed of 3+ mono. via dehydration synthesis; insoluble in water; e.g., starch, cellulose

Question 41

Fatty acids

Answer 41

Simplest lipid Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP 2 types: 1. Saturated (completely saturated with H) 2. Unsaturated (not completely saturated with H)

Question 42

Triglycerides

Answer 42

Most plentiful lipid in the body + most highly concentrated form of chemical energy Solid = saturated fat Liquid = oil (monounsaturated or polysaturated)

Question 43

Phospholipids

Answer 43

Amphipathic (have polar and non-polar parts) e.g., make up the plasma membrane of cells

Question 44

Steriods

Answer 44

4 rings of carbon atoms E.g., - Cholesterol = cell membrane structure - Estrogen/testosterone, - Cortisol = blood sugar - Bile salts = lipid digestion - Vitamin D = bone growth

Question 45

Eicosanoids

Answer 45

Lipids derived from 20-carbon fatty acids

Question 46

Lipoproteins

Answer 46

A lipid-protein complex to help lipids become more soluble in blood plasma

Question 47

Proteins (organic molecule 3)

Answer 47

Large, complex molecules created from amino acids and polypeptides (chains of amino acids) Key elements: C, H, O, N Fxns: - Catalytic: speed up rxns - Structural: tissue, collagen, hair, skin - Contractile: drive muscle contraction - Immunological: acts as antibodies - Transport: carry substances throughout body - Regulatory: fun as hormones

Question 48

Denaturation

Answer 48

When a protein unravels and becomes non-functional

Question 49

Amino acids

Answer 49

Monomers (building blocks) of proteins, of which there are 20 types

Question 50

Enzymes

Answer 50

A protein molecule that acts as a catalysts in living cells (e.g., oxidases)

Question 51

Nucleic acids (organic molecule 4)

Answer 51

Huge organic compounds Key elements = C, H, O, N, P 2 types: 1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 52

DNA

Answer 52

Fxn: Encodes info to make proteins Structure: Double stranded, A -> T, G -> C Copying: Self-replicating

Question 53

RNA

Answer 53

Fxn: Carries the genetic code and helps make proteins Structure: Single stranded, A -> U, G -> C Copying: Made from DNA blueprint

Question 54

ATP (organic molecule 5)

Answer 54

Fxn: Energy of living systems in exergonic catabolic rxns ATP+H2O->ADP+P+energy ADP+P+energy->ATP+H2O