Chapter 2 - Chemical Level

Question 1

Kinetic Energy

Answer 1

Molecules move and vibrate randomly

Question 2

Universal Solvent

Answer 2

Water (Dissociates Ionic Bonds)

Question 3

Adhesion

Answer 3

Tendency of one substance to stick to another substance

Question 4

Surface tension

Answer 4

Difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid (Important factor in respiration)

Question 5

Cohesion

Answer 5

Tendency of like particles to stick together

Question 6

Bonds in H2O

Answer 6

Polar Covalent Bonds

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 7

Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 7

Unequal sharing of electrons

ex. H2O

Question 8

Nonpolar Covalent bonds

Answer 8

Equal sharing of electrons

ex. H2, O2, CH4

Question 9

Ions

Answer 9

Charged because have lost or gained electrons

Question 10

Cations

Answer 10

Positive charge (lost e)

Question 11

Anions

Answer 11

Negative charge (gained e)

Question 12

Atomic number

Answer 12

of protons

Question 13

Atomic Mass

Answer 13

Protons + Neutrons

Question 14

Buffer System

Answer 14

Turn strong acids/bases into weak ones by adding or removing H+

Buffers resist large changes in pH & maintain homeostasis

Question 15

Reversible reactions

Answer 15

Products can revert to original reactants

A+C🔄AC

Question 16

Exchange reactions

Answer 16

Synthesis and Decomposition

AB+CD->AD+CB

Question 17

Decomposition reactions

Catabolic

Answer 17

AB->A+B
(Think cations–lose e) like breakdown

Maltose-> glucose+glucose

Usually exergonic (release more energy than absorb)

Question 18

Synthesis reactions

Anabolic

Answer 18

A+B->AB

glucose+glucose->maltose

Usually endergonic (absorb more energy than release)

Question 19

Factors that influence chemical reactions

Answer 19

• Temperature ⬆️ Rxn ⬆️
• Concentration ⬆️ Rxn ⬆️
• Size ⬆️ increase in collisions & rxn
• Catalysts (enzymes, proteins) - lower activation energy required

Question 20

Endergonic reactions

Answer 20

Absorb more energy than release

Question 21

Exergonic reactions

Answer 21

Release more energy than they absorb

Question 22

Acids

Answer 22

Release H+ ions

Proton donor

Less than 7 pH

Question 23

Bases

Answer 23

Accept H+ ions

Proton acceptor

Alkaline

Higher than 7 pH

Question 24

Neutral pH

Answer 24

H+ = OH-

Question 25

Hydrolysis

Answer 25

Break down by adding water Decomposition reaction Catabolic

Question 26

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 26

Build up by removing water Synthesis reaction Anabolic Assembled in cells via dehydration synthesis: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 27

Inorganic Compounds

Answer 27

Usually lack carbon Structurally simple •Water (60%) •Minerals (5%) - electrolytes, ions Na+, K+, Ca2+

Question 28

Organic compounds

Answer 28

* Lipids 18-25% (most CH bonds are in saturated fats) * Proteins 12-18% * Carbohydrates 2% (covalent bonds with lots of energy) * Nucleic Acids 2% * ATP

Question 29

Hydrocarbons

Answer 29

C-H bonds

Question 30

Potential Energy

Answer 30

Stored Energy (molecules store energy in chemicals bonds)