Chapter 2: Chemistry

Question 0

Molecules

Answer 0

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

Consists of a nucleus of positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons

Question 2

Ionic Bonds

Answer 2

Bonds that form between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other.

Question 3

Covalent bonds

Answer 3

Form when electrons between atoms are shared

Question 4

Nonpolar Covalent bonds

Answer 4

Form when electrons are shared equally.

Question 5

Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 5

electrons are shared unequally

Question 6

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 6

Weak bonds between molecules

Question 7

What are some special properties of water?

Answer 7

1. Excellent Solvent
2. High specific heat capacity
3. Less dense in the solid form
4. Strong cohesion and high surface tension
5. Water has strong adhesion

Question 8

Heat of Fusion

Answer 8

The energy required to change water from a solid to a liquid

Question 9

Heat of Vaporization

Answer 9

The energy required to change water from a liquid to a gas

Question 10

Cohesion

Answer 10

The attraction between like substances

Question 11

Adhesion

Answer 11

The attraction of unlike substances

Question 12

Organic Molecules contain…

Answer 12

carbon atoms

Question 13

Polymer

Answer 13

Molecules that consist of a single unit (monomer) repeated several times.

Question 14

Monosaccharide

Answer 14

The simplest kind of carbohydrate

Consists of a single sugar molecule like glucose or fructose

Question 15

Condensation/Dehydration Reaction

Answer 15

When a small molecule(often water) is lost

Question 16

Hydrolysis

Answer 16

When one molecule is split to form two molecules by the addition of water

Question 17

Starch

Answer 17

A polymer of a-glucose molecules. It is the principal energy storage molecule in plant cells.

Question 18

Glycogen

Answer 18

A polymer of a-glucose molecules. Differs from starch by its pattern of polymer branching. It is a major energy storage molecule in animal cells

Question 19

Cellulose

Answer 19

Polymer of B-Glucose molecules. It serves as a structural molecule in the walls of plant cells and is the major component of wood.

Question 20

Chitin

Answer 20

A polymer similar to cellulose, but each B-glucose molecule has a nitrogen-containing group attached to the ring. Chitin serves as a structural molecule in the walls of fungus cells and in the exoskeletons of insects, other arthropods, and mollusks.

Question 21

What are the three formations of sugar?

Answer 21

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

Question 22

Lipid

Answer 22

Substance that is nearly insoluble in water, but highly soluble in Nonpolar substances

Question 23

What are the three types of lipids?

Answer 23

Triglycerides
Phospholipid
Steroid

Question 24

Triglyceride

Answer 24

Made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Question 25

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 25

Has a single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms

Question 26

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 26

Has one double covalent bond, and each of the two carbons in this bond has only one hydrogen atom bonded to it.

Question 27

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 27

Like a monounsaturated fatty acid except that there are two or more double covalent bonds.

Question 28

Phospholipid

Answer 28

Has two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule.

Question 29

Steroids

Answer 29

Characterized by a backbone of four linked carbon rings.

Question 30

Proteins can be classified in what 5 catagories?

Answer 30

``` Structural Storage Transport Defensive Enzymes ```

Question 31

DNA Makeup

Answer 31

a nitrogen base, a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group

Question 32

Catalyst

Answer 32

Any substance that accelerates a reaction but does not undergo a chemical change itself

Question 33

Catabolism

Answer 33

Breakdown of substances

Question 34

Synthesis or Anabolism

Answer 34

The formation of new products

Question 35

Enzyme

Answer 35

Globular proteins that act as catalysts for metabolic reactions

Question 36

Substrate

Answer 36

The substance or substances upon which the enzyme acts.

Question 37

What are some facts about enzymes?

Answer 37

Enzymes are substrate specific Enzymes are unchanged as a result of a reaction An enzyme catalyzes a reaction in both forward and reverse directions The efficiency of an enzyme is affected by temperature and pH The induced-fit model describes how enzymes work

Question 38

Cofactors

Answer 38

Nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes

Question 39

Coenzymes

Answer 39

Organic cofactors that donate or accept some component of a reaction, often electrons

Question 40

Inorganic cofactors

Answer 40

Often metal ions

Question 41

Allosteric Activator

Answer 41

Binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's active form

Question 42

Allosteric Inhibitor

Answer 42

Binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form

Question 43

Feedback inhibition

Answer 43

an end product of a series of reactions acts as an allosteric inhibitor, shutting down one of the enzymes catalyzing the reaction series

Question 44

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 44

A substance that mimics the substrate inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site. The mimic displaces the substrate and prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the substrate

Question 45

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Answer 45

A substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location other than the active site

Question 46

Cooperativity

Answer 46

An enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules after one substrate molecule attaches to an active site.