Chapter 2 Chemistry Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
The science structure and interaction of matter?
A
Chemistry
2
Q
Anything that occupies space?
A
Matter
3
Q
Matter that cannot split into simpler substances?
A
Chemical Elements
4
Q
Assigned letter abbreviations; chemical symbols?
A
Chemical Elements
5
Q
4 major elements; 96% of bodies mass?
A
Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N)
6
Q
Calcium (CA) potassium (K) sodium (NA) iron (FE) are?
A
Lesser Elements
7
Q
Smallest unit of matter?
A
Atoms
8
Q
Elements consist of many atoms of the same type?
A
Atoms
9
Q
Nucleus and electrons are the?
A
2 Basic Parts of an Atom
10
Q
Protrons (P+) and neutrons (N_)?
A
Nucleus
11
Q
This surrounds nucleus in shells?
A
Electrons (E-)
12
Q
Number of protrons in nucleus is called what?
A
Atomic Number
13
Q
Outermost electron shell?
A
Valence Shell
14
Q
Zero charge; #protons = #electrons
A
Atom
15
Q
Most Atoms preferrer 8 electrons in valence shell(stable)
A
Octet Rule
16
Q
This forces and holds atoms together?
A
Chemical Bonds
17
Q
Charged atoms; lose or gain valence shell?
A
Ions
18
Q
Positively charged ions; lost electron(s)?
A
Cations
19
Q
Negatively charged ions; gained electrons?
A
Anions
20
Q
Written with its chemical symbol and (+) or (-)?
A
Ions
21
Q
Opposite charges attracted to one another?
A
Ions
22
Q
Atoms in molecules share one two or three pairs of electrons?
A
Covalent Bonds
23
Q
Most common and strongest bond?
A
Covalent Bonds
24
Q
Equal sharing?
A
Nonpolar
25
Unequal sharing?
Polar
26
Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen?
Water Molecule
27
New bonds form and/or old bonds are broken?
Chemical Reactions
28
Starting substance?
Reactant
29
Ending substance?
Product
30
2 main forms of energy?
Potential Kinetic
31
Stored energy based on position?
Potential Energy
32
Energy stored in bonds?
Chemical
33
Energy of matter in motion?
Kinetic
34
This chemical reaction builds; require energy?
Synthesis Reactions (Aabolic) example: Energy + A+B--\>AB
35
This chemical reaction; atoms are switched?
Exchange Reactions example:AB+CD----\>AD+CB
36
This chemical reaction; move in either direction?
Reversible Reactions example:ACA+C
37
Molecule with different atoms?
Compound
38
Usually lack carbon and is structurally single (small) molecules?
Inorganic Compounds
39
Always contains carbon and usually contains hydrogen?
Organic Compounds
40
Always has covalent bonds and are complex (large) molecules?
Organic Compounds
41
Most important and abundant inorganic polar compound?
Water Molecules
42
Charged compound?
Inorganic Polar
43
Solvent (dissolves) and solute (dissolved)?
Solution
44
Hydrophilic love" water?"
Polar (charged) Solutes
45
Hydrophobic fear" water?"
Nonpolar (uncharged) Solutes
46
Like dissolves like"?"
Water Dissolves Salts (NaCl)
47
Essential for health and survival?
Water Molecules
48
Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat with only small changes in temperature?
Water (has high heat capacity)
49
Perspiration removes heat; maintains body temperature?
Water
50
Use of water as a heating or cooling agent; whirlpool or ice?
Hydrotherapy
51
Substance dissociates (breaks apart) into hydrogen ions (H +)
Acid
52
Substance dissociates into hydroxide (OH-)?
Base
53
Substance neither dissociates into H+ or OH-?
Salt
54
PH of 1 contain\_\_\_\_\_more H+ than pH of 3?
10X10 = 100x's
55
PH of 3 contains\_\_\_\_\_fewer H+ than pH of 1?
10 X 10 = 100x's
56
Neutral pH distilled water?
Equal to 7
57
1 whole number change in pH changes the concentration of H+ how many fold?
10
58
PH of 1 contains\_\_\_\_more H+ than pH of 2?
10 X 1 = 10x's
59
PH of 1 contains\_\_\_\_\_more H+ than pH of 3?
10 X 10 = 100x's
60
PH of 3 contains\_\_\_\_\_fewer H+ than pH of 1?
10 X 10 = 100x's
61
This prevents drastic pH changes by maintaing pH values of different parts of the body by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases?
Buffer Systems
62
This provides most of the energy (ATP) needed for life and includes sugars starches and glycogen?
Carbohydrates
63
What are the 3 major carbohydrate groups based on size?
Monosaccharides Disasaccharides Polysaccharides (3 or more)
64
Types of monosaccharides (simple sugars)?
Glucose (blood sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar) Galactose (milk sugar) Deoxyribose and Ribose (forms DNA and RNA)
65
Combining 2 monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis; removes water molecule?
Disasaccharides (simple sugars)
66
Glucose and fructose?
Sucrose
67
Glucose and glucose?
Maltose
68
Glucose and galactose?
Lactose
69
Largest carbohydrates; contains hundreds of monosaccharides?
Polysaccharides
70
Principal polysaccharide in the body is?
Glycogen (stored in the liver and skeletal muscles)
71
When blood sugar level drops the liver hydrolyzes (breaks down) what?
Glycogen to form glucose; release into blood
72
Like carbohydrates this contains a carbon hydrogen and oxygen and contains mostly nonpolar covalent bonds and a few polar covalent bonds?
Lipids
73
Fear Water" most soluble in polar solvents such as water?"
Hydrophobic
74
These are transported in the blood by attaching to proteins?
Lipoproteins HDL's (healthy) and LDL's (lethal)
75
Most abundant lipids in the body; protection insulation and energy at room temperature solids (fats) or liquids (oils)
Triglycerides
76
These provide twice the energy as either carbohydrates or proteins?
Triglycerides
77
Unlimited storage is?
Excess Carbohydrates and Proteins Deposited As Triglycerides(fats)
78
Phospholipids are formed by?
Membrane Components
79
Both polar and non-polar regions; polar head and 2 nonpolar fatty acids tails?
Amphipathic
80
Steroids are?
Lipids
81
These have rings of carbon atoms?
Lipids
82
These include sex hormones and cholesterol?
Lipids
83
Combination of 20 amino acids?
Proteins
84
2 amino acids joined by piptide bonds?
Dipeptide
85
Formed by dehydration synthesis?
Dipeptides
86
Chains contain many amino acids?
Polypeptide
87
Primary secondary tertiary and quarternary are levels of structural organization for what?
Proteins
88
Shape of protein does what?
Determines Function
89
Proteins unravels due to heat or pH changes; shape and function altared is called what?
Denaturation
90
Enzymes (catalyst) does what to the chemical reactions?
Speeds up (increases frequency of collisions and orient molecules)
91
This reacts with specific substrates?
Enzymes
92
These are controlled by cell's genes?
Enzymes
93
This forms genetic code and cell's genes regulate cell's activities?
Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA)
94
This relays instructions in formation of proteins?
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
95
Nucleotides pentose sugar and phosphate group is what?
Basic Units
96
Energy currency" of living systems?"
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
97
Releases energy in ATP?
Hydrolysis of ATP
98
Aerobic glucose catabolism produces greatest amount of ATP; endurance training?
Hydrolysis of ATP (breakdown/catabolism)
99
Requires energy in ATP?
Synthesis (anabolism) of ATP
