Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
The chemical level includes
A
Atoms, molecules, macromolecules
2
Q
Chemistry is
A
Science Of structure and interactions of matter
3
Q
Matter is
A
Anything that occupies space and remains constant
4
Q
A solid
A
Has a definite volume and definite shape
5
Q
A liquid
A
Has a definite volume and takes the shape of a container
6
Q
A gas
A
Has no definite volume and no shape
7
Q
Your weight:
A
Varies with force of gravity and example being you weigh nothing on the moon but your mass stays the same
8
Q
There are how many chemicals symbols
A
118
9
Q
How many elements are in the human body?
A
26
10
Q
What elements make up 96% of the human body?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
11
Q
Each element is composed of ______.
A
Atoms
12
Q
Atoms are a cluster of:
A
Subatomic particles
13
Q
Subatomic particles include:
A
Protons – positive found in the nucleus, neutrons-no charge found in the nucleus
electrons-negative on the shells of an electron
14
Q
Atomic number is the number of:
A
Protons
15
Q
The atomic mass is the number of ________+__________
A
Protons and neutrons
16
Q
Isotopes are
A
Atoms in an element that vary in the structure
17
Q
Unstable isotopes are called
A
Radioactive
18
Q
What can radioactive isotopes be used in the human body?
A
They can be used to observe and organs function, a scanner is used to detect omitted raised to determine if the function is normal.
19
Q
The rose on the periodic table portray:
A
The number of electrons
20
Q
The columns of the periodic table portray:
A
The group it belongs to and how many electrons are on the valance shell
21
Q
An atom becomes an ion when:
A
It gains Or loses electrons
22
Q
What are the two models of an atomic structure:
A
Orbital mode, and planetarium mode
23
Q
True or false, atoms do not exist in a free state, but are combined with other atoms
A
True
24
Q
What is a molecule?
A
Two or more atoms formed by the same or different elements that are joined by a chemical bond
25
What is a compound?
It is a substance formed when different elements bind
26
True or false, I’ll molecules are compounds
False
27
What does the molecular formula indicate?
The type and number of each element making up a molecule
28
Why are chemical bonds formed?
To complete the valance shell of electrons and to make it stable
29
What elements have full Valen shells?
Helium, Neon, argon
30
Where does reactivity of atoms come from?
Unpaired electrons in there valance shells
31
What is Octet rule?
Atoms tend interact to have eight valence electrons an atom is stable if it has eight electrons
32
An ionic bond
Formed by the transfer of electrons from one Atom to another
33
Cat ion
An atom that loses electrons thus making a positive
34
Anion
An atom that gains electrons thus making it negative
35
Covalent bonds
Formed by sharing pairs of electrons between two or more atoms so each outer shell is filled and electrons orbit around the molecule as a whole
36
A polar covalent bond is
A bond that is not shared equally between Atoms thus one side is more negative
Usually have a V-shaped Visual
37
A non-polar covalent bond is?
When atoms are shared equally between the atoms
| Usually have a linear or symmetrical visual
38
Hydrogen bonds
Formed when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of a nearby electronegative Atom
39
Where to hydrogen bonds form and are they strong or weak bonds?
They formed between DNA and proteins and our weak bonds
40
When does a chemical reaction occur?
Chemical reactions occur when bonds between Atoms are formed, broken, or rearranged
41
When balancing a Chemical reaction both sides of the equation must be _____.
Equal
42
What is the basis for all chemical reactions?
Interactions of valance shells
43
What are the two principal forms of energy?
Kinetic and potential
44
What is energy?
Energy is the capacity to do work
45
What is a catalyst and what does it do to reactions?
The catalyst is an enzyme and it speeds reactions by slowing activation energy.
46
What are the four types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, oxidation-reduction
47
Synthesis reaction
When two or more atoms ions, or small molecules together form a larger molecule. This is anabolic and energy using.
A+B=AB
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Decomposition reaction
Large molecules broken down into smaller molecules, ions, or Atoms.
This is catabolic and energy releasing)
AB=A+B
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Exchange reaction
Involves synthesis and decomposition, we are parts of two different molecules trade positions with one another
AB+CD=AD BC
50
Oxidation/reduction reaction
Produce ATP from food molecules
51
In organic compounds
Lack carbon and are structurally simple
52
Organic compounds
Always contain carbon and are formed by covalent bonds
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In organic compounds include
Water, salt, acid, bases
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Organic compounds contain
Carbon hydrogen and other elements
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In organic compounds/water
Water is the most important in organic compound.
It is a polar solvent and can dissolve most substances
Ask as a cushion/lubricates the body, has a high heat capacity as well
56
Inorganic compounds/salts
When dissolved in the solution it breaks apart and gives A positive or negative but never H positive or OH negative
57
In organic compounds/acids
One or more H+ ion and one or more negative ion is given when dissolved
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In organic compounds/bases
One or more hydroxyl ion( OH-)and one or more positive ion is given when dissolved
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Salt, acids, and bases all break down in water and give _______.
Electrolytes
60
The pH scale
| Values & change
Values from 0 to 14
| Change in the pH unit is a 10 times change
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Ph of an acid
<7
| H+
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Ph of a base
>7
| H+>OH-
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Neural Ph
=7
| H+=OH-
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A buffer system________ change in Ph and helps maintain _________.
Minimizes, homeostasis
65
Blood has a Ph of:
7.4
66
Organic compound take up to ____-_____% of our body mass
30-40%
67
If carbon has 4 valence shells how many shells does it need to become stable?
4
68
Carbohydrates
Composed of C, H, O
Can be sugar, glycogen, starches, and cellulose
It is the main source of chemical energy for metabolism
69
Carbohydrates are classified by the number of sugars these are called:
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
70
Monosaccharides
Simplest with a general formula and example of this is glucose
71
Disaccharide
Join by dehydration synthesis to join to monosaccharides an example of this is sucrose
72
Polysaccharide
Is a large chain of many monosaccharides Joined together and example of this is glycogen
73
C6H12O6
Glucose
74
Isomers
Molecules that have the same molecular formulas, but Atoms are arranged differently
This can be shown in disaccharides glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.
75
Lipids
Composed of C, H, and O, (just less O)
They are non-Polar so that means they are not soluble in water
This includes triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
76
Triglycerides(neutral fats)
Composed of glycerol, 3 fatty acid chains
| Important for storage of energy, insulation, and shock absorption
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Phospholipids
Composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group(polar)
This is the main component of membranes
78
Steroids
Consists of four interlocking carbon rings with various side groups
Includes cholesterol steroid hormones
79
Proteins
Composed of C, H, O, and N(can also have sulfur and phosphorous)
Polymers built from 20 different amino acids
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Amino acids
Are joined by peptide bonds (which are covalent) formed by dehydration synthesis
81
The four structural levels of protein?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, And quaternary
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Primary level of protein
A linear sequence
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Secondary level of protein
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
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Tertiary level of protein
Complex globular shape - 3-D
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Quaternary level of protein
Two or more polypeptides
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Proteins are classified of
Structural and functional
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Structural proteins
Are fibrous
Stable and insoluble by water
Give mechanical support and strength
And example is collagen
88
Functional proteins
```
Are globular
Less stable, H bonds break easily
Water soluble
-Candy nature and cease to function if their environment changes
-Role as enzymes are important
```
89
Enzyme activity
Are Biological catalysts which increase rate of a specific chemical
90
Enzymes _______with specific substrate and _______the rate at which product is formed
React, increase
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True or false
| Enzymes act to decrease amount of energy needed for the reaction to proceed
True
92
Nucleic Acid
Composed of C, H, O, N , & P
Chains of nucleotides (monomères)
nucleotide=phosphate group + 5 Carbon sugar(pentose) + nitrogenous base
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The two kinds of nucleic acid’s?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
```
Is double stranded/Helix
Sugar is deoxyribose
N bases are A, T, G, C
H bonds join N bases(rungs)
Alternating sugar and phosphate form up rights of “ladder”
```
95
Ribonucleic acid
Single nucleotide chain
Sugar is ribose
N bases are A,C,G,U (U replaces T)
Are several types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
(All involved in protein synthesis)
96
Adenosine triphosphate a.k.a. A TP
The molecule that sells used to perform different kinds of work
Eg. muscle contractions
Consist of N-base adenine, 5 carbon sugars(ribose), and 3 phosphate groups
97
What can ATP be broken down into?
To adenosine diphosphate (ADP),
| Releasing energy for cellular work
98
What can a ATP synthesized from?
ADP plus P, which requires energy and put from glucose break down
99
Hydrophobic
Water fearing Aka nonpolar
100
Monomers
Small-molecules
101
Polymers
Macromolecules
