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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive! > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Comes Alive! Flashcards

1
Q

What consists of matter?

A

All living things and non living things

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2
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

Solids, liquids, and gas

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3
Q

Does mass change or does weight change?

A

Mass is the same no matter where you are but weight changes. (Depends on gravity)

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4
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of space you take up.

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5
Q

Elements are made up of ______?

A

Atoms

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6
Q

Elements cannot be split into what?

A

Simpler substance by ordinary chemical reactions

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7
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Protons, neutrons, & electrons

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8
Q

What two things are found in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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9
Q

Where are electrons found?

A

In the orbitals of the atom

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10
Q

Protons are ______ charged.

A

Positively

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11
Q

Neutrons are _______ charged.

A

Neutral

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12
Q

Electrons are_______ charged.

A

Negatively

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13
Q

What is the strongest chemical bond? And when does it occur?

A

Covalent - occurs when atoms share electrons

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14
Q

What is the second strongest chemical bond? And when does it occur?

A

Ionic bond- formed between ions (which are a charged element)

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15
Q

What is the second to weakest chemical bond?

A

Hydrogen bond - forms a strong bond when a whole bunch of them get together

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16
Q

What is the weakest chemical bond?

A

Van Der Waals

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17
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Electrons are shared

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18
Q

Sharing one set of electrons is called?

A

Single bond

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19
Q

Sharing two sets of electrons is called?

A

Double bond

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20
Q

How many electrons is the 1 at she’ll of an atom able to hold?

A

2

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21
Q

How many electrons are the second and third she’ll of an atom able to hold?

A

Both are able to hold 8 (16 total)

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22
Q

Nonpolar =

A

Equal sharing

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23
Q

Polar =

A

Unequal sharing

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24
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

Weak bond, surface tension bonding between negative end and positive end of water molecule.

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25
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one stone to the other.

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26
Q

How are ions formed?

A

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another the balance of positive and negative charges are lost, so ions are formed

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27
Q

Ions put together through ionic bonds are called?

A

Salts

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28
Q

What is salt?

A

Ionic compound containing cations

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29
Q

Ions are not _______ or _______.

A

Hydrogen (H+) or Hydroxyl (OH-)

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30
Q

What do salts do when dissolved in water?

A

Dissociate (ionize)

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31
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Ions making up salt ( all ions are electrolytes)

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32
Q

What is a molecule considered if it contains hydrogen?

A

Acid

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33
Q

Acids dissolve in water to release ______.

A

Hydrogen

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34
Q

The more hydrogen the more _____.

A

Acidic

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35
Q

The less hydrogen the less ______.

A

Acidic

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36
Q

What is HCL?

A

Hydrochloric Acid (an acid produced by stomach cells)

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37
Q

Bases dissociate in water to release _____.

A

Hydroxyl ions (OH-)

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38
Q

What do NaOH and NH OH have in common?

3

A

They are ammonia (most common in human body)

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39
Q

What does the pH scale range from?

A

0-14

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40
Q

What is the neutral number on the pH scale?

A

7

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41
Q

Numbers greater than 7 on the pH scale are more _____.

A

Basic

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42
Q

Numbers less than 7 on the pH scale are more ______.

A

Acidic

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43
Q

The more _______ ______ in a solution the more acidic the solution is.

A

Hydrogen ions

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44
Q

Acid/base balance is important why?

A

Important for internal homeostasis, different regions depend on different pH levels to maintain homeostasis (balance).

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45
Q

Enzymes depend on certain ____ levels to function.

A

pH

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46
Q

_________ reactions are very sensitive to pH.

A

Biochemical

47
Q

Many mechanisms regulate acid/base balance. ______ and _____ buffer one another.

A

Hydrogen ions and hydroxyl

48
Q

Chemical reaction occurs when….

A

Chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken.

Legos)

49
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Motion

50
Q

What are anabolic reactions (synthesis)?

A

When atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule.

51
Q

What is this an example of?

Amino acids are joined to form a protein molecule

A

Synthesis reaction (anabolism)

52
Q

What is a Catabolic Reaction (decomposition)?

A

Larger molecule broken down into smaller molecules or constituent atoms

53
Q

What is this an example of?

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose units

A

Catabolic reaction (metabolism)

54
Q

During a chemical exchange reaction what two things occur?

A

Synthesis and decomposition

55
Q

ATP =

A

ENERGY

56
Q

What is solution?

A

Solute particles are very tiny, do not settle out of scatter light. (The same throughout)

57
Q

What is colloid?

A

Solute particles are larger than in a solution and scatter light, do not settle out. (Particles don’t dissolve into solvent)

58
Q

What is suspension?

A

Solute particles are very large, settle out, and may scatter light.

59
Q

What is an organic compound?

A

A carbon containing compound

60
Q

Organic compounds always contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and generally oxygen

61
Q

What are the 4 classes of biologically important polymers?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

62
Q

What are polymers?

A

Chain like molecules made of many similar or repeating units (monomers).

63
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

Sugar

64
Q

What is the most abundant substance on earth?

A

Cellulose

65
Q

Cellulose is purely _____.

A

Structural

66
Q

What can humans not digest but some animals can?

A

Cellulose

67
Q

Mono =

A

1

68
Q

Di =

A

2

69
Q

Poly =

A

Many

70
Q

What is sugar in plant based form?

A

Starch

71
Q

Glycogen is found in?

A

Humans

72
Q

What’s are shells made up of in selfish?

A

Chitin

73
Q

Carbohydrates are classified by

A

Size

74
Q

Fiber in our diet helps to….

A

Create bulk = bowel movement

75
Q

Monosaccharides (monomers) are?

A

Simple sugars

76
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A 
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
77
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Double sugar

78
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many sugars

79
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Chitin

80
Q

Lipids and fats don’t mix with?

A

Water

81
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Insoluble in water

Water fearing

82
Q

What are 4 different types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

83
Q

Lipids major energy storage compound makes up _____ ______.

A

Cell membrane

84
Q

Lipids are the _____ ______ of the cell membrane.

A

Structural components

85
Q

Some lipids serve as what?

A

Molecular signal compounds

86
Q

Triglycerides storage form of fats for ____.

A

Energy

87
Q

Triglycerides refers to ___ hydroglyceride chains.

A

3

88
Q

Hare triglycerides polar or non-polar?

A

Non polar

89
Q

There are double bonds in _______ fatty acids.

A

Unsaturated

90
Q

The more unsaturated bonds, the more ____ at room temperature.

A

Fluid

91
Q

Phospholipids are modified?

A

Triglyceride

92
Q

Is a phosphate group a polar or non-polar group

A

Polar

93
Q

Phospholipids are found in ____ _____.

A

Cell membranes

94
Q

Phospholipids have hydrophilic head, which means?

A

The can interact with water because they are charged and have a “water loving” head

95
Q

Amino acids are called?

A

Peptide

96
Q

2 amino acids =

A

Dipeptide

97
Q

Many amino acids =

A

Polypeptide

98
Q

Proteins have many different?

A

Structural and functional Roles

99
Q

Amino acids are the building blocks of?

A

Protein

100
Q

What does dehydration synthesis mean?

A

Water leaving

101
Q

What is the opposite of dehydration?

A

Hydrolysis

102
Q

Enzymes are ______ proteins.

A

functional

103
Q

Enzymes helps to speed up?

A

Chemical reactions

104
Q

Enzymes decrease

A

Activation energy

105
Q

What are the 3 types of Nucleic acids?

A

DNA - deoxyribose sugar
RNA - ribose sugar
ATP - ribose sugar

106
Q

DNA has ___ nucleotide monomers.

A

4

107
Q

DNA is the…

A

Genetic material

108
Q

________ bases connect the 2 strands of DNA.

A

Complimentary

109
Q

Thymine always pairs with?

A

Adeline

110
Q

Cytosine always pairs with?

A

Guanine

111
Q

RNA carries hereditary information from nuclear DNA to the _____. (Inside cells)

A

Cytoplasm

112
Q

ATP = high energy molecule = high energy ____

A

Bonds

113
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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