Chapter 2 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Question 2

Elements

Answer 2

are the basic building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

Question 3

Atoms

Answer 3

re the smallest units of an element that retain the element’s physical and chemical properties.

Question 4

Neutrons

Answer 4

are neutral in nucleus.

Question 5

Protons

Answer 5

are positively charged in nucleus.

Question 6

Electrons

Answer 6

are negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus.

Question 7

Isotopes

Answer 7

are atoms that have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass because the number of neutrons differ.

Question 8

Radioisotopes

Answer 8

are useful in dating old objects, imaging body organs and tissues through X-rays, and killing cancer cells.

Question 9

IONIC BONDS

Answer 9

Atoms in this type of bond donate or take on electrons. Result in a stable outer shell.
Occur between particles that are charged (ions)

Question 10

Covalent bonds

Answer 10

Atoms in this type of bond share electrons. Result in a stable outer shell

Question 11

WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF WATER?

Answer 11

Water is liquid at room temperature.
Liquid water does not change temperature quickly. Water has a high heat of evaporation.
Frozen water is less dense than liquid water. Molecules of water cling together.
Water is a solvent for polar molecules.

Question 12

WHAT BOND HOLDS WATER MOLECULES TOGETHER?

Answer 12

Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and
a negatively charged atom

Question 13

Acids

Answer 13

substances that dissociate and release hydrogen ions (H+).

0-6

Question 14

Bases

Answer 14

ubstances that take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-). 8-14

Question 15

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 15

the addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits

Question 16

WHAT ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE FOUND IN LIVING ORGANISMS?

Answer 16

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic acid

Question 17

WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES made of

Answer 17

Made of subunits called monosaccharides

Question 18

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

Answer 18

Polysaccharides are made of many carbon rings.
Glycogen is the storage form in animals.
Starch is the storage form in plants.

Question 19

WHAT ARE LIPIDS?

Answer 19

Found as fats and oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
Molecules that do not dissolve in water. Used as energy molecules.
Found in cell membranes.

Question 20

Phospholipids

Answer 20

primary components of cellular membranes.

LOOKS LIKE SPERM WITH 2 LEGS makes up the bilayer.

Question 21

WHAT ARE PROTEINS made of?

Answer 21

Made of subunits called amino acids

Question 22

PROTEINS main functions?

Answer 22

Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and transport

Question 23

WHAT ARE THE 4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN ORGANIZATION?

Answer 23

Primary – the linear order of amino acids
Secondary – localized folding into pleated sheets and
helices
Tertiary – the 3-D shape of the entire protein in space Quaternary – combination of more than one polypeptide
All proteins have primary, secondary, and tertiary structure, while only a few have quaternary structure.

Question 24

SUMMARY OF DNA AND RNA STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES

Answer 24

DNA
•Sugar is deoxyribose
•Bases include A, T, C, and G
• Double-stranded
RNA
•Sugar is ribose
•Bases include A, U, C, and G
• Single-stranded