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BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 2 — Chemistry Pt 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 — Chemistry Pt 1 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

definition of ions

A

charged atoms or molecules

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2
Q

charge is created by the proportion of _____ to ______

A

protons to electrons

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3
Q

equal protons and electrons result in a

A

neutral charge

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4
Q

more protons than electrons result in a

A

positive charge

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5
Q

more electrons than protons result in a

A

negative charge

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6
Q

_______ is important to neural function as it enters and leaves neurons

A

Na+ (sodium ions)

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7
Q

as Na+ enters a neuron, which is usually negatively charged, it generates an _______ ________

A

graded potential

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8
Q

NaCl is

A

table salt

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9
Q

we get the ions we need for our functioning through

A

food, water, kinds of salts

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10
Q

the bonds of an _________ break as it enters your watery body fluids

A

electrolyte

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11
Q

As NaCl enters the water in your body fluids, its chemical bonds break. This is important because it makes Na and Cl…

A

available for your body to use.

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12
Q

definition of molecule

A

2 or more atoms chemically bonded

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13
Q

a molecule made of different elements is a

A

compound

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14
Q

outermost electrons

A

valence electrons

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15
Q

the octet rule states that

A

an atom is most stable when it has 8 valence electrons

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16
Q

atoms with filled valence shells are ______, or nonreactive

A

inert

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17
Q

to fill their valence shells, atoms form ______ _____

A

chemical bonds

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18
Q

3 types of chemical bonds

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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19
Q

bond formed when electrons are transferred between a metal and nonmetal

A

ionic bond

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20
Q

moderate strength bond

A

ionic

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21
Q

a positive ion

A

cation

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22
Q

a negative ion

A

anion

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23
Q

the ‘opposites attract’ principle most applies to _______ bonds

A

ionic

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24
Q

bond formed when two nonmetals share valence electrons

A

covalent bond

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25
strongest chemical bond
covalent bond
26
H20 is an example of a(n) _______ bond
covalent
27
electrons are shared equally in a ________ covalent bond
nonpolar
28
electrons are shared unequally in a ______ covalent bond
polar
29
property of an atom which determines how strongly it attracts electrons
electronegativity
30
T/F elements with high electronegativity attract electrons strongly
True
31
the more electronegative element in a polar bond will have a slight ________ charge
negative
32
hydrogen bonds cause this property of water
surface tension
33
a partially electrostatic attraction between hydrogen & a more electronegative atom
hydrogen bond
34
the most important inorganic compound in all life forms is
water
35
every bodily fluid is ______ based
water
36
water's high heat capacity means it can
absorb and release large amounts of heat before changing its own temperature
37
this property of water allows the blood to prevent sudden changes to core temp
high heat capacity
38
water's heat vaporization property means it can
release large amounts of heat when it vaporizes
39
this bodily fluid takes advantage of heat vaporization to regulate temp
sweat
40
6 properties of water that make it the most important inorganic compound to life
1. high heat capacity 2. heat vaporization 3. solvent 4. reactivity 5. cushioning 6. lubrication
41
the body's solvent is always
water
42
water is a great solvent because
it is a polar bond — its negative charge attracts solutes
43
water's solvency plays an important role in _________ of chemicals
transportation
44
________ chemicals are essential to functioning
biological
45
the body's main transport medium
blood
46
chemicals move along their ________ from tiny blood vessels called ________ to the ________ fluid around the cells
gradient; capillaries; interstitial
47
fluid that surrounds cells
interstitial fluid
48
the majority of chemical reactions occur where?
within the cell
49
water's reactivity means it ________ in chemical reactions
participates
50
this property of water means it plays a role in many chemical reactions
reactivity
51
when water participates in a reaction to break down a compound
hydrolysis
52
hydrolysis is associated with water's _________ property
reactivity
53
water's cusioning property means it
absorbs and dissipates force over a broader area
54
this property of water relates to its ability to dissipate force
cushioning
55
given examples of cushioning
synovial fluid in knees; cerebrospinal fluid between brain and skull
56
water's lubrication property means it
reduces friction
57
friction in the body can cause _____ and ______
heat and damage
58
this bodily fluid exemplifies water's lubrication property
serous fluid
59
definition of mixture
a substance that contains 2 or more physically mixed components, which are not chemically bonded
60
3 types of mixtures
solution colloid/emulsion suspension
61
substance added to a solvent to create a solution
solute
62
solution =
solvent (water) + solute
63
when a mixture does not separate out, its components are held in
suspension
64
this mixture is transparent
solution
65
solutions are transparent because the solute particles are ______ and do not refract light
small
66
colloid =
water + proteins
67
another term for colloid
emulsion
68
these mixtures are opaque
colloids & suspensions
69
colloids are not transparent because proteins are relatively ______ and refract light
large
70
T/F in a colloid, the proteins will fall out of suspension
False
71
suspension =
water + large particles
72
this type of mixture will fall out of suspension if it's not mixed
suspension
73
______ can function as a solution, a colloid, and a suspension. For each mixture, its components are...
blood | chemicals; proteins; red blood cells
74
each fluid compartment's fluid is ________ ______
chemically unique
75
3 main fluid compartments
vascular, interstitial, cellular
76
fluid in the vascular compartment
blood
77
fluid in the interstitial compartment
interstitial fluid
78
fluid in the cellular compartment
cytosol
79
3 mechanisms for material exchange
diffusion, active transport, osmosis
80
two types of diffusion
simple & facilitated
81
_______ diffusion requires a gradient but no MTP
simple
82
_______ diffusion requires a gradient and an MTP
facilitated
83
if particles are too large or charged, a ___________ is required to diffuse them
membrane transport protein
84
MTPs display _______, moving only one chemical
specificity
85
this mechanism for material exchange requires energy and an MTP
active transport
86
this mechanism for material exchange does not require a concentration gradient
active transport
87
definition of osmosis
movement of water due to another chemical's concentration gradient
88
If Na+ is high in one area and low in another, osmosis will cause water to move toward the area in which it is ______
higher
89
osmosis is necessary when you have a __________ membrane
semipermeable

BS113—Anatomy & Physiology I (13 decks)

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