Chapter 2 Classicla Theories of Social & Personality Development Flashcards
(54 cards)
What is a conflictual process regarding human development ?
Freud concluded that as biological creatures, we have basic sexual & aggressive instincts that must be served
What does Sigmund Freud propose about human nature?
That we are driven by motives & conflicts of which we are largely unaware AND that our personalities are shaped by early life experiences
According to Freud, who & what will play a major role in shaping their child’s conduct & character?
Parents & how they manage the sexual & aggressive urges in the few years of life
What are the 3 components of personality in Freud’s psychosexual theory ?
Id: biological component, “pleasure principle”. Present @ birth, satisfy instincts & needs immediately. Ex: babies fuss & cry when wet or hungry
Ego: Psychological component “reality principle”. Realistic ways of gratifying instincts
SuperEgo: Social component. Seat of the conscience. Internalize moral values of parents don’t need parents to say they’ve been good or bad, they are aware & will feel guilty of unethical conduct
What are the stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development?
Oral (birth-1 year) Anal (1-3) Phallic(3-6) Latency(6-11) Genital(12 onward)
Explain the Oral Stage of Freud’s work?
Sex instinct centers on mouth, infants derive pleasure from oral activities. Ex: an infant weaned too early or too abruptly may later crave close contact & over dependent on a spouse
Explain the Anal Stage of Freud’s work?
peeing & pooping voluntary become primary methods of gratifying the sex instinct.
emotional climate parents create have lasting effects.
Explain the phallic stage ?
Pleasure derived from stimulating genitals.
-children desire opposite sex parent
Explain Latency stage?
traumas of the phallic stage cause sexual conflicts to be repressed & sex urges to be rechanneled into school work.
-ego & superego continue to develop
Explain Genital Stage?
- puberty triggers a reawakening of sexual urges
- learn to express these urges in socially acceptable ways
What are some criticism’s to Freud’s theory?
- Don’t believe his stages (conflicts) reliably predict personality
- Data is based on a small # of emotionally disturbed adults
What are some contributions to Freud’s theory?
- Freud’s greatest contribution was his concept of unconscious motivation
- Believed that majority of psychic experience lay below level of conscious awareness
- For focus on importance of early experiences for later development
- for studying emotional side of development
How does Erickson view children?
Children are active curious explorers who seek to adapt to their environment
Why is Erickson labeled the ego psychologist?
Because he believed that at each stage of life people must cope w/social realities in order to adapt successfully & show a normal pattern of development
What areas of development does Erickson place emphasis on?
Social & cultural aspects of development
Explain Erickson’s basic Trust vs Mistrust psychosocial crisis?
- Infants must LEARN to trust others to care for their basic needs
- if caregivers reject or inconsistent in their care infant may view the world as dangerous filled w/untrustworthy or unreliable people
- Mother or Primary caregiver is the KEY social agent
Explain the Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt crisis?
- Children must learn to feed & dress themselves & hygiene
- Failure to achieve independence may force child to doubt own abilities & feel shameful
- Parents are KEY social agent
Explain the Initiative vs. Guilt stage ?
- Children attempt to act grown up & will try to accept responsibilities that are beyond their capacity to handle
- To attain balance the child must retain a sense of initiative & yet learn not to
- Family is the KEY social agent
Industry vs. Inferiority?
- Children must master important social & academic skills
- period where child will compare oneself with peers
- industrious will lead children to acquire the skills to feel self-assured
- Failure to acquire these leads to feelings of inferiority
- Teachers & peers are key
Identity vs. Confusion?
- Crossroad between childhood & maturity
- asks “WHO am I ?”
- adults must establish basic social & occupational identities or will remain confused about roles they should play as adults
- Society of peers is KEY social agent
Intimacy vs. Isolation?
- Form strong friendships & achieve a sense of love & companionship w/another person
- Feelings of loneliness or isolation are likely to result from inability to form friendships or intimate
- KEY social agents are lovers, spouses, close friends
Generativity vs. Stagnation?
- Face tasks of becoming productive in their work & raise family
- Standard’s of generativity is defined by one’s culture
- Those unable to assume these will become stagnant or self centered
- Key social agents are Spouse, CHILDREN, & cultural norms
Ego integrity vs. Despair?
- older adult will look back view it as meaningful, productive, happy experience OR major disappointment full of unfilled promises
- one’s social experiences & ALL others will determine the outcome of this final life crisis
Explain the Little Albert experiment?
- Watson wanted to prove that INFANTILE fears & OTHER emotional reactions are acquired rather than inborn
- presented white rat to 9 month old; initial reactions are +
- 2 mos later: instill a FEAR response; every time albert reached for rat WATSON would hit a steel rod w/hammer. Lil albert came to fear rat because of the ASSOCIATION of ‘rat w/loud noise’
