Chapter 2- Exam I Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
What consists of the brain and the spinal cord
A
Central nervous system - (CNS)
2
Q
What consists of the nerves and most of the sensory organs
A
Peripheral nervous system - (PNS)
3
Q
What includes all of the nerves that relay information from the environment, such as light, sound, odors, tastes, or from touch
A
Peripheral nervous system - (PNS)
4
Q
What has specialized cells that gather information from the environment, such as light, sound, orders, tastes, or from touch
A
Sensory neuron
5
Q
What controls the contracting muscles
A
Motor neuron
6
Q
What lies between the sensory neurons and the motor neurons
A
Interneurons
7
Q
What is the cell body called
A
Soma
8
Q
What contains the nucleus und much of the machinery involved in the life processes of the cell
A
Soma
9
Q
What looks like a tree
A
Dendrite
10
Q
What recipes messages from other neurons; communicate between neurons
A
Dendrite
11
Q
What is another name for synapse
A
Synaptic Cliff
12
Q
What is the small space between the terminal buttons of the sending cell and a portion of the somatic or dendrite membrane of the receiving cell
A
Synapse
13
Q
What is the chemical secreted by the terminal button either excites or inhibits the receiving cell and helps determine weather an action potential occurs in the receiving cells axon
A
Neurotransmitter
14
Q
What is at the end of the branches of the axon
A
Terminal button
15
Q
What secretes neurontransmitters
A
Terminal buttons
16
Q
What defines the boundary of the axons
A
Membrane
17
Q
What consists of a double layer of lipid (fat like) molecules
A
Membrane
18
Q
What is the thickest of protein strands inside the neuron
A
Microtubules
19
Q
What is a bundle of 13 protein filaments arranged around a hollow core
A
Microtubles
20
Q
What has a semiliquid , jelly like substance that fills the space surrounding by the cell membrane, including the soma
A
Cytoplasm
21
Q
What contains small, specialized structures, called organelles
A
Cytoplasm
22
Q
What is a fatty substance that provides insulation for the electrical message carried along the cell membrane
A
Myelin sheath
23
Q
What is deep inside the cell
A
Nucleus
24
Q
What is enclosed by the nuclear membrane
A
Nucleus
25
What contains chromosomes
Nucleus
26
What uses the copied information from the mRNA to synthesize proteins for the call
Ribosomes
27
What consists of long strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Chromosomes
28
What is made up of genes; each responsible for the specific recipe to make an individual protein
Chromosomes
29
What contains the recipes for making proteins
Peoxribonucleicacid (DNA)
30
What is contained within the chromosome
Peoxribonucleicacid (DNA)
31
What copies the information/ recipes stored by the gene then leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome in the soma
Messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA)
32
What is found in the cytoplasm
Mitochondria
33
What uses nutrients such as glucose to provide the cell with energy to preform its function
Mitochondria
34
The nervous system is held together by?
Glia
35
What surrounds and holds the neurons in place?
Glia
36
What regulates the neuron's supply of nutrients and some of the chemicals they need to exchange messages with other neurons
Glia
37
What provides physical support to neurons and cleans up debris within the brain
Astrocyte
38
What is a Star shaped cell
Astrocyte
39
What is the process when the astrocytes contact a piece of debris from a dead neuron ; the debris is engulfed and digested
Phagocytosis
40
What provides support to axons and produces the myelin sheath
Oligodendrocyte
41
What is the bare portion of the axon
Node of Ranvier
42
What is the smallest of the glial cells
Microglia
43
What acts as the phagocytes, engulfing and breaking down dead and dying neurons
Microglia
44
What cell is in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann Cell
45
What wraps itself tightly many times around an individual axon and forms one segment of the myelin sheath
Schwann Cell
46
What exist between the blood and the fluid that surrounds the cells of the brain
Blood-Brain Barrier
47
What potential has any difference in charge (positive or negative) across the membrane
Membrane Potential
48
When the neuron is at rest and not involved in communicating with any other neurons (at -70 mV) it is what potential
Rest Potential
49
What is it called when the inside of an axon becomes more negative (from resting potential) relative to the outside - less likely to send an electrical message
Hyperpolarization
50
What is it called when the inside of an axon becomes more positive (from resting potential) relative to the outside - more likely to send an electrical message
Depolarization
51
What is it called when the point at which the main electrical even in the axon is is triggered
Threshold of Excitation
52
What is the main electrical event in an axon
Action Potential
53
What process whereby molecules distribute themselves evenly throughout the medium in which they are dissolved
Diffusion
54
What is the substance that dissolves in water, splits into two particles, each with an opposing electrical charge
Electrolyte
55
What is a charged particles of an electrolyte - cations and anions
Ion
56
What has Cations (positive charge) and Anions (negative charge)
Ion
57
What is the force exerted by the attraction or repulsion of the cation and anion parts of the ion
Electrostatic Pressure
58
What is the fluid inside cells
Intracellular Fluid
59
What fluid surrounds the cells
Extracellular Fluid
60
What continuously pushes Na+ out of the axon
Sodium - Potassium Pump
61
What consists of a large number of protein molecules embedded in the membrane, driven by energy provided for ATP produced by the mitochondria
Sodium - Potassium Pump
62
What are the passages for ions that can open or close
Ion Channels
63
What sodium channels which are only opened by changes in the membrane potential
Voltage-Dependent Ion Channel
64
What States that an action potential either occurs or does not occur, and once triggered, it is transmitted down the axon to its end
All-or-None Law
65
What law has variations inthe intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which the axon fires
Rate Law
66
What conducts the action potentials by myelinated axon
Saltatory Conduction
67
What has the action potential which appears to jump from one Node of Ranvier to the next
Saltatory Conduction
68
What potential briefs depolarizations or hyper polarizations that increase or decreases the rate of firing of the axon of the synaptic neuron
Postsynaptic Potential
69
What is a particular region of receptor molecules where neurotransmitters exert their effects on cells by attaching
Binding Site
70
What is a chemical that attaches to the binding site
Ligand
71
What is the small protrusions that stud the dendrites of several types of large neurons in the brain where many synapses occur on the smooth surface of the dendrite
Dendritic Spine
72
What is located at the end of the terminal button
Presynaptic Membrane
73
What releases the neurotransmitter to send the message
Presynaptic Membrane
74
What is the membraneof a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released
Presynaptic Membrane
75
What is located on the neuron that receives the message
Postsynaptic Membrane
76
What is the cell membrane opposite the terminal button the synapse; the membrane of the cell that receives the message
Postsynaptic Membrane
77
What is the region from which neurotransmitter is released
Synaptic Cleft
78
What is a small, hollow, bead like structure found in terminal buttons; contains molecules of a neurotransmitter
Synaptic Vesicle
79
What is found in greatest numbers around the part of the Presynaptic membrane
Synaptic Vesicle
80
What is the process by which the cell secrete molecules on neurotransmitter
Exocytosis
81
What is a molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic Receptor
82
What ion channel that opens when a molecule of neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor
Neurotransmitter - Dependent Ion Channel
83
What ion channel that opens when a molecule of neurotransmitter binds with U postsynaptic receptor
Neurotransmitter - Dependent Ion Channel
84
What contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule on the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
Ionotropic Receptor
85
What contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter
Metabotropic Receptor
86
What activates an enzyme that begins a series of events that opens an ion channel elsewhere in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
Metabotropic Receptor
87
What protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor
G Protein
88
What conveys messages to other molecules when a ligand binds with and activates the receptor
G Protein
89
What chemical is produced when a G protein activates an enzymatic cell
Second Messenger
90
What carries a signal that result in the opening of the ion channel or causes other events in the cell to occur
Second Messenger
91
What is an excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
92
What inhibitory polarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
93
What is the interaction of the effects of excitatory and inhibitory synapses on a particular neuron
Neural Integration
94
What is the reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through the Presynaptic potential
Reuptake
95
What is the destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release - for example, the destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase
Enzymatic Deactivation
96
What is a neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the peripheral nervous system
Acetylcholine (ACh)
97
What is responsible for molecular contraction
Acetycholine (ACh)
98
What is responsible for molecular contraction
Acetycholine (ACh)
99
What enzyme destroys acetylcholine soon after it is liberated by the terminal buttons, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
100
What receptor molecule is located on presynaptic neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
Autoreceptor
101
What is the action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse
Presynaptic Inhibition
102
What reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the Postsynaptic terminal button
Presynaptic Inhibition
103
What is the action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse
Presynaptic Facilitation
104
What increases the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
Presynaptic Facilitation
105
What does the brain float in
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
106
What is a line running the length of the central nervous system used as a reference point to describe directions in the nervous system
Neuraxis
107
What is located near or toward the head
Anterior
108
What is located near or toward the tail
Posterior
109
What is toward the back
Dorsal
110
What is in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the top of the head or back
Dorsal
111
What is toward the belly
Ventral
112
What is in a direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the bottom of the skull or the front surface of the body
Ventral
113
What is toward the side of the body; away from the middle
Lateral
114
What is toward the middle of the body; away from the side
Medial
115
What is located on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
116
What is located on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
117
What is a slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis
Cross Section
118
What is a slice through the brain parallel to the forehead
Frontal Section
119
What is a slice through the brain parallel to the ground
Horizontal Section
120
What is a slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground
Sagittal Section
121
What runs through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground
Midsagittal Plane
122
What divides the brain into two symmetrical halves
Midsagittal Plane
123
What is a singular meninx
Meninges (Meninx)
124
What has 3 layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system
• dura mater
• arachnoid membrane
• pia mater
Meaningles (Meninx)
125
What is the outer most of the meninges; tough and flexible
Dura Mater
126
What is the middle layer of the meninges; located between the outer dura mater and the inner pia mater
Arachnoid Membrane
127
What is the inner layers of the meninges that clings to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate
Pia Mater
128
What is the fluid-filled space that cushions the brain; located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
Subarachnoid Space
129
What is one of the hollow spaces in the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ventricle
130
What produces and contains the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Ventricle
131
What is one of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon
Lateral Ventricle
132
What ventricle is located in the center of the diencephalon; it's walls divide the surrounding of the brain into symmetrical halves
Third Ventricle
133
What is a narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles; located in the center of the mesencephalon
Cerebral Aqueduct
134
What ventricle is located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the mesencephalon
Fourth Ventricle
135
What is the highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Choroid Plexus
136
What small projections of the arachnoid membrane through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus
Arachnoid Granulation
137
What CFS flows through them to be reabsorbed into the blood supply
Arachnoid Granulation
138
What is the outer most layer of grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex
139
What appears folded or convoluted
Cerebral Cortex
140
What region of the brain that contains the cerebral hemispheres
Telencephalon
141
What region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle; includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus
Diencephalon
142
What is the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by cerebral cortex
Cerebral Hemisphere
143
What consists of the two cerebral hemisphere
Cerebrum
144
What is the front of the brain
Forebrain
145
What grooves in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure (singular is sulcus)
Sulci
146
What is a major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus
Fissures
147
What is the convolutions of the cortex of the cerebral hemisphere, separated by sulci or fissures
Gyri
148
What creates triple the surface area of the cerebral cortex
Gyri
149
What is the anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe
Frontal Lobe
150
What includes everything in front of the central sulcus
Frontal Lobe
151
What is on the side of the cerebral hemisphere, just behind (dorsal to) the central sulcus, caudal to the frontal lobe
Parietal Lobe
152
What region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe
Occipital Lobe
153
What lies at the very back of the brain
Occipital Lobe
154
What region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
Primary Visual Cortex
Or
Striate cortex
155
What is located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks
Calcimine Fissure
156
What region of the superior temporal whose primary input is from the auditory system
Primary Auditory Cortex
157
What separates the temporal lobe from the overlaying frontal and parietal lobes
Lateral Fissure
158
What region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
159
What is the sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Central Sulcus
160
What sunken region of the cerebral cortex is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe
Insular Cortex
161
What sunken region of the cerebral cortex is normally covered by the rostral superior temporal lobe and caudal inferior frontal lobe
Insular Cortex
162
What regions is the cerebral cortex that receive information from the regions of primary sensory cortex
Sensory Association Cortex
163
What region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of the skeletal muscles
Primary Motor Cortex
164
What region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary motor cortex
Motor Association Cortex
165
What is also known as the premotor cortex
Motor Association Cortex
166
What region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex
Preferential Cortex
167
What is a large bundle of axons that interconnect corresponding regions of the associated cortex on each side of the brain
Corpus Callosum
168
What phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge (limbus) of the cerebral hemispheres
Limbic Cortex
169
What was a part of the limbic system
Limbic Cortex
170
What is a strip of limbic cortex laying along the lateral walls of the groove separating cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum
Cingulate Gyrus
171
What group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, Limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles
Limbic System
172
What forebrain structure of the temporal lobe constituting and important part of the limbic system
Hippocampus
173
What is the structure temporal lobe in the interior of the rostral
Amygdala
174
What contains a set of nuclei and is part of the limbic system
Amygdala
175
What is a protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, contains some hypothalamic nuclei
Mamillary Bodies
176
What is a part of the limbic system
Mamillary Bodies
177
What is a fiber bundle that contains the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus
Fornix
178
What is a part of the limbic system
Fornix
179
What is the nucleus of a amygdala that receives information of the lateral nucleus and send projections to the ventromedial frontal cortex and the central nucleus
Basal Ganglia
180
What is the region of the forebrain surrounding the third ventricle
Diencephalon
181
What includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus
Diencephalon
182
What is the large portion of the diencephalon located above the hypothalamus
Thalamus
183
What contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it
Thalamus
184
What is a group of nuclei of the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus
Hypothalamus
185
What is involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system, control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands, and integration of the specie-typical behavior
Hypothalamus
186
What is the mesencephalon; the central of the three major divisions of the brain
Midbrain
187
What is the midbrain; a region of the brain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; includes the tectum and the tegmentum
Mesencephalon
188
What is the dorsal part of midbrain; includes the superior and inferior colliculis
Tectum
189
What has protrusions on top of the midbrain; part of time visual cortex
Superior Colliculi
190
What has protrusions on the midbrain; part of the auditory system
Inferior Colliculi
191
What is "stem" of the brain; form the medulla and the midbrain, excluding the cerebellum
Brain Stem
192
What is the ventral part of the midbrain
Tegmentum
193
What includes the periaqueductal grey matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, substantial nigra
Tegmentum
194
What is a large network of neural tissue located in the central region of the brain stem, from the medulla to the diencephalon
Reticular Formation
195
What is the region of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
Perisaquenductal Gray Matter
196
What plays an essential role in various species-typical behaviors, including female sexual behavior
Periqueductal Gray Matter
197
What is a large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord
Red Nucleus
198
What is a darkly stained region of the tegmentum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia
Substantia Nigra
199
What is the most caudal of the three major divisions of the brain
Hindbrain
200
What includes the mesencephalon and myelencephalon
Hindbrain
201
What is a major part of the brain located dorsal to the pans, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex
Cerebellum
202
What is un important component of the motor system
Cerebellum
203
What region of the mesencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum
Pons
204
What is the most caudal portion to the brain
Medulla Oblongata
205
What is located in the myelencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
206
What is the cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla
Spinal Cord
207
What is directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to the muscles and glands
Efferent Axon
208
What part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of the skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the central nervous system
Somatic Nervous System
209
What portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions
Autonomic Nervous System
210
What portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
Sympathetic Divisons
211
What portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state
Parasympathetic Divisions
