Chapter 2: Expectations and Bias

Question 1

Hawthorne effect:

Answer 1

Behaviour changes under observation.

Question 2

Demand characteristics:

Answer 2

Participants behave as they think they should when they are being observed.

They can guess the hypothesis of the study and behave as expected.

Question 3

Demand characteristics: Prevention methods

Answer 3

1. Deception (and debriefs after the study)
2. Naturalistic observation
3. Participants participate anonymously.

Question 4

Observer bias:

Answer 4

Tendency for observer’s expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what actually happened.

Question 5

Observer bias: Prevention methods: Double-blind study:

Answer 5

Researchers don’t have any expectations on behaviour. Participants do not know what is being studied/ observed.

A study where the researchers nor the participants know how the participants are going to behave.