Chapter 2 Flash Cards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Which U.S. city has the largest population and is the most famous U.S. city worldwide
A
New York City
2
Q
Which city is famous for being home to the White House?
A
Washington, D.C.
3
Q
What is the study of the features of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, including how they are affected by human activities, and how humans in return are affected by the landscape.
A
Geography
4
Q
What is the tallest mountain in the U.S.?
A
Denali
5
Q
Where is the tallest mountain in the United States located?
A
Alaska
6
Q
What was Denali formerly known as?
A
Mount McKinley
7
Q
Where are the top 10 tallest mountains in the United States located?
A
Alaska
8
Q
Which mountain range are the Rocky Mountains a continuation of?
A
The Andes Mountains
9
Q
What is the most famous mountain range in the United States?
A
The Rocky Mountains
10
Q
What is the longest river in the United States?
A
The Missouri River
11
Q
This river is the second longest in the U.S. and runs from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.
A
The Mississippi River
12
Q
The five freshwater lakes in the U.S. are known as the __________________.
A
Great Lakes
13
Q
What are the names of the five Great Lakes?
A
Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
14
Q
The Great Lakes hold ______ of the world’s fresh water.
A
21%
15
Q
The natural feature in the U.S. that is the most prominent in the minds of people around the world is the _______________.
A
Grand Canyon
16
Q
This natural feature is a steep-sided canyon that follows the path of the Colorado River in Arizona.
A
The Grand Canyon
17
Q
What is the most populated city in the United States?
A
New York City
18
Q
Most of the films watched in the Western world are made in ___________________.
A
Los Angeles
19
Q
Spear tips that were first found in _____________ were offered as evidence for the Land Bridge theory because similar points have been discovered in the area around Beringia.
A
Clovis, New Mexico
20
Q
The Oceania Theory is based on the notion that cultural and linguistic similarities exist between native South American peoples and those from ____________________________.
A
Australia and Polynesia
21
Q
How were the first settlers of America believed to have been influenced by Beringia?
A
Beringia was a frozen land bridge caused by lower water levels during the last ice age, creating a new path of travel between Eurasia and the Americas.
22
Q
What is the most accepted theory of how early people found their way to the Americas?
A
The Bering Land Bridge Theory
23
Q
Why is the finding of the Kennewick Man considered evidence for the Oceania Theory?
A
The features of the Kennewick Man remains are in line with the Ainu, a native people of Hokkaido, Japan.
24
Q
What are the three predominant theories about how people first got to the Americas?
A
The Bering Lang Bridge Theory, The Oceania Theroy, and the Atlantic Theory.
25
This theory of how people came to the Americas is based on the idea that ancient people crossed the Atlantic via boat. The disovery of the Clovis points were offered as evidence.
The Atlantic Theory
26
Early spear points that were offered as evidence of the Atlantic Theory of migration are called _______________.
Clovis Points
27
The theory of how people came to the Americas that is based on the similarities of culture and languages of Australia and Polynesia is called the _____________________.
Oceania Theory
28
The best evidence of the Oceania Theory is the ___________________________.
Kennewick Man
29
Why were the groups that included the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole considered to be civilized?
They adopted the customs of the colonists
30
What is the best description of the Iroquois social structure?
At the time of marriage, a man joins his wife's family.
31
How were the Chinook and Tillamook able to achieve an affluent, highly complex society?
Food and building materials were readily available due to their location so they had time to develop their societies.
32
What did the lifestyle of the Hopi people depend on?
Agriculture
33
How did the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota people acquire the name "Sioux"?
From their enemies
34
Who was the first explorer to reach the American shore?
Christopher Columbus
35
What year did Columbus reach America?
1492
36
How many nationally recognized Native American tribes are there?
574
37
The Northeastern Tribes, which lived from the East Coast to the Mississippi and as far south as South Carolina, were mainly __________.
Agrarian
38
Another word for agricultural, meaning they cultivated the land and had farming skills is ___________.
Agrarian
39
The largest coalition of tribes sharing a language in common law in the Northeastern Tribes was the ____________________.
Iroquois Confederacy
40
What characteristics were the Iroquois Confederacy known for?
Brutal Warfare and Ruthlessness
41
In a ______________, the mother is considered the head of the household.
Matrilineal
42
A dome shaped living structure built out of bark, sticks, or grass is a _______________.
Wigwam
43
The Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes are part of the _______________ Tribes.
Southeastern
44
Why were the Southeastern Tribes considered the "civilized" tribes?
They were the most assimilated into European society and had the most advanced economic systems.
45
Which group of Native American tribes were the first to utilize the chiefdom social system?
Southeastern Tribes
46
In this social system, social status is determined by the proximity a person has to the chief himself.
Chiefdom
47
This Ancient people began the tradition of carving intricate sandstone housing into the sides of canyons.
Pubelo People
48
This Native American tribal group continued the tradition of the Pueblo people and built structures that could be as tall as five stories into the sides of sandstone canyons.
Hopi
49
This southwestern tribe is credited with creating irrigation systems by digging trenches to collect rainwater.
Hopi
50
The _________________ created one of the largest irrigation systems to date.
Hohokams
51
Due to the climate, the Southwestern tribes tended to be ________________.
Nomadic
52
What does it mean to be nomadic?
Moving around according to the seasons and needs of the group.
53
This group of Native American tribes were known for their huge boats created from spruce or cedar trees that could hold up to 30 people
Northwest Coast Tribes
54
The Northwestern Coastal tribes used these works of art to show status or honor ancestors
Totem Poles
55
Which two tribes were the most advanced Native American societies during the pre-Columbian era due to their settlement into permanent villages?
Chinook and Tillamook
56
What is a lavish feast where chiefs often gave away or destroyed valuables as a sign of wealth and prestige?
Potlatch
57
This group of Native American tribes were the first societies to master horse-back riding in order to hunt better and move faster
The Great Plains Tribes
58
This time period can be defined as when Europeans came to America and settled on the land, imposing themselves on the Natives who were there already?
European Colonization
59
What was responsible for killing nearly 90% of Native Americans between 1492 and 1600?
Viruses and germs brought by the European colonists
60
What event led to the creation of the legend of the cities of gold?
The conquering of Merida, Spain by the Moors (Spanish Muslims) in the 12th Century
61
How were explorations by European seafaring countries to find the cities of gold financed?
Rich European merchants or monarchs with their own motive.
62
What was the motivation for monarchs to send expeditions to find the cities of gold?
The desire to catch up with Spain.
63
This economic theory says that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of the most silver and gold.
Mercantilism
64
What were the two factors that made Spain wealthy under mercantilism?
1. Extensive colonial empire via resources in Central & South America.
2. Controllin the only known western route to Asia (around southern tip of South America)
65
The goal of European merchants and monarchs to find a fast, safe, western route to Asia that avoided Spanish territory was known as ____________________________________________.
The Northwest Passage
66
This explorer was sent by England to find the Northwest Passage in 1497. He did find "New Found Land", but because he didn't find the passage, investors weren't interested and he returned home.
John Cabot
67
This French explorer made three trips that explored most of the North American coastline, South America, and the Caribbean islands to find the Northwest Passage and/or cities of gold.
Giovanni da Verrazzano
68
Which explorer's expediditions were instrumental in creating a widely distributed map of the east coast of North America?
Giovanni da Verrazzano
69
This explorer was sent by France to find the Northwest Passage, and upon his return from his second trip to Canada he brought a native leader who told stories of the cities of gold and gemstones.
Jaques Cartier
70
This French explorer took a third trip to North America in 1541 to establish a base settlement for exploration and returned with what they thought was gold and diamonds but turned out to by pyrite.
Jaques Cartier
71
Another name for English pirates who mostly stole gold from Spanish ships was ___________________.
Sea Dogs
72
This "Sea Dog" was the first to sail around the world for England/Queen Elizabeth I
Sir Frances Drake
73
This English explorer explored as far north as San Francisco, and then had to find an alternate route across the Pacific back to England. His bounty convinced Queen Elizabeth I to consider a permanent New World colony of her own as a base for more raids.
Sir Francis Drake
74
This English "Sea Dog" financed a small group of settlers to attempt to create a settlement on the island of Roanoke in 1585
Sir Walter Raleigh
75
This settlement was created off the coast of North Carolina in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh
Roanoke
76
What caused the first settlers of Roanoke to return to England with Sir Francis Drake?
Conflict with natives resulting in the beheading of a leader.
77
Why did Raleigh arrange a second colony attempt nearby Roanoke?
To guard the queen's claim to the land.
78
What did the new settlers of Roanoke discover when they returned to the island to attempt a second settlement?
No soldiers, no settlers, and one skeleton
79
What was the name of the first English child born in the new world?
Virginia Dare
80
Why was Governor John White delayed in his return to Roanoke?
1. King Philip II of Spain created a massive new navy to show strength against the Sea Dogs.
2. Queen Elizabeth I wouldn't let any English ships leave port because they were needed for defense.
81
What did Governor John White discover upon his return to Roanoke?
The village was abandoned with no signs of struggle and without human remains. "Croatoan" was carved into a fencepost (nearby island = Croatoan).
82
Why did Sir Walter Raleigh sail to South America in 1594?
To find the mythical city of gold ("El Dorado")
83
What led to Sir Walter Raleigh's demise?
His trip to find El Dorado turned into a raid on a Spanish outpost. The new King of England agreed with Spanish demands that he be executed for piracy, so he was beheaded.
84
Why was the success of the Popham colony important?
It gave investors new ideas about how the American colonies could make money.
85
What lead to Raleigh Gilbert's desertion of the Popham colony?
His father died, leaving the family fortune and titles back in England. He packed up the colony and went home, taking all the settlers with him.
86
Which of the following is FALSE about Sir Francis Drake?
A: His bounty after going as far north as San Francisco was twice the Queen's income for a year.
B. He was a famous English "Sea Dog"
C. He was the first man to sail around the world for England?
D. He financed a group of settlers to a small island called Roanoke
D
87
This settlement was founded in Virginia in 1607 and evolved into the site of Virginia's first organized government.
Jamestown
88
This settlement was the first lasting English settlement in America.
Jamestown
89
What were the three ships that carried 100 Englishment to the New World on December 6, 1606 that led to the settlement of Jamestown?
God Speed, Susan Constant, Discovery
90
On what date was the Jamestown colony established?
May 14, 1607
91
What were the three requirements for the new colony put in place by the Virginia Company?
1. Had to be uninhabited
2. Had to be inland
3. Had to be mostly surrounded by water deep enough to moor ships and defend colony against Spanish attacks
92
Who financed the trip to Jamestown?
The Virginia Company
93
A company that is owned by multiple shareholders who each have a stock in a company is called a ______________________.
Joint-Stock Company
94
How did the settlers of Jamestown differ from the settlers in Plymouth?
Plymouth settlers were hard working and united, while the Jamestown settlers lacked basic survival skills and didn't put in the effort to develop them.
Also - Jamestown = Church of England, Plymouth = Puritan Church
95
Who was the leader of the Jamestown colony in 1608?
Captian John Smith
96
What two advancements did John Smith implement in Jamestown?
1. People had to work for their food
2. Trade with the Powhatan Nation for food
97
Why was Jamestown founded?
Settlers were mostly seeking economic gain through trade expansion.
98
Who spearheaded the development of Jamestown?
Captain Christopher Newport
99
The period between the fall of 1609 and spring of 1610 was known as the ________________ due to disease, hunger, and war with Native Americans leading to the deaths of many colonists.
Starving Time
100
Why did the relationships with the Native Americans deteriorate with the arrival of the Pilgrims?
Destruction of the Powhatans by illness, and the Pilgrims' unsuccessful attempts to convert the Pequot to Christianity
101
What was the importance of Pocahontas?
Daughter of Powhatan, served as a liason between Native Americans and English and encouraged peace and diplomatic relations. Rescued John Smith from death by appealing to her father which led to the Powhatan assisting colonists with food and adopting a bartering system.
102
What was the first cash crop in Jamestown and who was responsible for it?
Tobacco, John Rolfe
103
What is the main difference between indentured servants and slaves?
Indentured servants worked to pay off their journeys (usually 4-7 years), while slaves were viewed as property.
104
What was the first elected government in America?
The Virginia House of Burgesses
105
What led to King James revoking the London Company's charter and declaring that Jamestown was a royal colony of Virgina?
An attack by the Powhatan tribes (March 22, 1622) that killed a quarter of the population, and the London Company's insolvency.
106
Why was the Virginia Company important to Jamestown?
It was the joint-stock company that paid to settle Jamestown.
107
What impact did the neighboring tribal leader Powhatan have on the Jamestown colony?
The Powhatan occasionally provided protection and trade with the colonists.
108
What made New France look different from other colonial empires?
There weren't many towns, mostly just scattered trading posts.
109
In general, what was the relationship like between French settlers and the Native Americans?
Generally friendly and worked together as colleagues
110
Why were single Frenchmen encouraged to marry Native American women?
To increase the population of the empire.
111
What caused France to cede all of their land to England and Spain in 1763?
The Seven Years War
112
The Dutch sent ________________ to look for a Northwest Passage beginning in 1609
Henry Hudson
113
What led to the purchasing of the island of Manhattan from the Lenape Native Americans?
An early governor of New Netherland did not like the original site where they planned to build the capital city and port.
114
Who was responsible for the purchase of the island of Manhattan from the Lenape Native Americans?
Peter Minuit
115
How were Jamestown and New Netherland similar?
Both were founded by a joint-stock company
116
Why were many of the settlers in New Netherland not Dutch?
Holland was wealthy with very little social or political unrest, so people were not motivated to leave.
117
A stockholder who could transport 50 families and were granted large tracts of land in return were called ______________.
Patroons
118
Which joint-stock company recruited Patroons?
Dutch West India Company
119
What led to the creation of Wall Street?
The removal of the wall between New Amsterdam and the English settlements resulted in a wide street where the wall had been. This street went shore to shore in Manhattan and became the most important place of business in the colony.
120
What was the approximate modern-day extent of New France at its height?
Eastern Canada and the Central United States
121
Why was Peter Minuit an important personality for the expansion of Dutch settlements?
He founded both New Netherland and New Sweden
122
