Chapter 2 flashcards

Question 0

solute

Answer 0

the substance that is dissolved

Question 1

solution

Answer 1

a mixture composed of two or more elements or compounds where all components are evenly distributed.

Question 2

solvent

Answer 2

the substance in which a solute is dissolved.

Question 3

waters polarity

Answer 3

It gives water the ability to dissolve both ionic and polar covalent solutes.

Question 4

dissociation of water

Answer 4

a natural phenomena where both hydronium ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) are momentarily created.

Question 5

Pure water has a Ph of

Answer 5

7

Question 6

Ph scale

Answer 6

A logarithmic scale that measures the concentration of hydroxide or hydronium.

Question 7

acid

Answer 7

a compound that produces hydrinium ions in water thus increasing the concentration of H+

Question 8

Base

Answer 8

any compound that produces hydroxide ions in water thus increasing the concentration of Oh-

Question 9

buffers

Answer 9

compounds that are able to react with both hydronium and hydroxide ions thus not allowing their concentrations to rise erratically.

Question 10

blood maintains it Ph levels close to…

Answer 10

7.4

Question 11

carbon can bond with

Answer 11

1) itself (Unlimited bonds.)

2) many elements including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen.

Question 12

Macro-molecule

Answer 12

made from thousands of smaller molecules

Question 13

Monomer

Answer 13

smaller units which add up to form a macro-molecule

Question 14

polymer

Answer 14

made from the connection of many monomers together

Question 15

How are carbohydrates used

Answer 15

living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy and some use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

Question 16

Monosaccharides

Answer 16

made up of one only sugar (known as simple sugars)

Question 17

Polysaccharides

Answer 17

the larger macro-molecules formed from monosaccharides also known as complex sugars.

Question 18

glycogen

Answer 18

a polysaccharide that animals use to store excess food.

Question 19

starch

Answer 19

a complex sugar that plants use to store their excess food.

Question 20

what are lipids used for

Answer 20

they are used to tore energy, some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and water proof coverings in plants.

Question 21

triglycerides

Answer 21

A compound that mammals form from lipids in their body.

Question 22

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 22

a fatty acid in which there is at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

Question 23

saturated fat

Answer 23

an acid in which all carbons are connected by single bonds.

Question 24

Nucleic acid

Answer 24

macro-molecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and phosphorus.

Question 25

nucleotide

Answer 25

the monomer of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar compound, bonded to a phosphate compound, bonded to a nitrogenous base.

Question 26

what are the two types of nucleic acid

Answer 26

DNA and RNA

Question 27

Proteins

Answer 27

macro-molecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Question 28

amino acids

Answer 28

the monomers that make up proteins ;compounds with an amino group (-Nh2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.

Question 29

How many amino acids are there

Answer 29

20

Question 30

Peptide bonds

Answer 30

covalent bonds that together form polypeptides.

Question 31

relationship between polypeptides and a protein

Answer 31

a protein is a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptide.

Question 32

The roles of proteins

Answer 32

1) Some regulate cell processes 2) Others form important cellular structures 3) others transport cells into or out if cells.

Question 33

R-group

Answer 33

a side chain in which amino acids differ from each other and these amino acids have a range of different properties including polarity, acidic, basic.

Question 34

Primary structure

Answer 34

Is guided simply by the sequence of amino acids

Question 35

Secondary structure

Answer 35

Is formed by the folding and coiling of the polypeptide chains due to charge and polar to polar or non-polar to non-polar interaction.

Question 36

Tertiary structure

Answer 36

the complete three dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain.

Question 37

Quaternary structure

Answer 37

some proteins are composed of multiple three dimensional polypeptide structures.

Question 38

Chemical reactions

Answer 38

A process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another

Question 39

In chemical reactions, mass and energy are...

Answer 39

conserved

Question 40

reactants

Answer 40

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

Question 41

products

Answer 41

the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

Question 42

What do chemical reactions involve

Answer 42

changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.

Question 43

energy in reactions

Answer 43

chemical reactions that release energy that release energy often occur on their own or spontaneously

Question 44

How do organisms stay alive

Answer 44

the carry out reactions that require energy

Question 45

How do plants stay alive

Answer 45

they get energy from trapping and storing energy from the sun in a compound they make called sugar or carbohydrate

Question 46

How do animals stay alive

Answer 46

they get energy from consuming either plants or animals

Question 47

activation energy

Answer 47

the amount of energy necessary to start a reaction

Question 48

What is a function of activation energy

Answer 48

prevents subsequent reaction from acting out of control.

Question 49

enzymes

Answer 49

proteins that act as biological catalysts, thus speeding up a reaction and lowering the activation energy of the reaction.

Question 50

enzyme substrate complex

Answer 50

1) When a specific enzyme binds with its substrate, an enzyme substrate complex is formed until the reaction is catalyzed and the product released. 2) enzymes provide a spot of groove where reactants can be brought together to react.

Question 51

substrate

Answer 51

the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Question 52

enzyme interactions can be disrupted by...

Answer 52

1) Increase or decrease in temperature. 2) changes in Ph. 3) Regulatory molecules that alter the enzymes form.