Chapter 2 General Flashcards by Christie Jarvis

Relevant considerations of plant materials

Environmental resource: ie wetland, habitat, erosion control

Cultural resource: heritage trees, existing site vegetation

Fire safety

Size, shape, texture, color, hardiness, moisture and soil requirements

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Arias photographs (vegetation associations, species identification, wetlands)
A) stereoscopic 9x9” (available from: us soil conservation service, us forrest service, and us bureau of land management)
B) satellite photography

Non-photographic sensors (electromagnetic)
A) scanners
1. Undated radiation: meteorology and climatology
2. Synthetic ape rather radar (SAR)
3. Light detection Ranging (LIDAR): uses lasers for vegetation mapping

Remote Sensing

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A means of selective observation that enables us to estimate various aspects of plant population or vegetation community.

Sampling Vegetation

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Site is subdivided into plots of a standard size, can be random, regularly distributed, or subjectively selected. Quadrats can be square, rectangular, or round. Contents of selected plots are inventoried.

Quadrat sampling

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“Sample stand “ community types are defined by a specialist. Several representative sample stands for each community are inventoried

Relevé

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Samples of plant material are taken along a baseline. Points can be selected with a grid, randomly chosen coordinate pairs, or regular or random points along a line.

Transect

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Using large scale color or infrared photography can provide a basis for acceptable estimates of plant cover and soil surface conditions, though understory plants may be obscured in a forest setting.

Ariel photography

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Commonly employed in land use surveys; enables rapid but not verifiable assessment of site. note: roadside planting is often not a good indicator of interior planting.

Windshield survey

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Factors influencing Physiognomic Plant Distribution

Duration of growing season (climatic zone)
Point of Succession
Ground temperature
Continuous wind
Soil moisture
Shallow soils on fractured rocks
Shallow soil without subsoil moisture reserves
Disturbance
Wildlife populations and prose patterns

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Classification based on appearance

Physiognomatic

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Vegetated Physiognomic Types

Forest
Woodland
Savana
Scrub
Grassland
Tundra
Swamp
Marsh
Big

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Plants tolerate high-salt souls

Halophytic

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Plants tolerate dry soils

Xerophytic

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Plants prefer moderately moist soils

Mesophytic

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Plants prefer wet soils or float on water

Hydrophytic

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Vegetation dynamics

Seasonal 1 yr spring to fall
Cyclical 20 years ie fire cycle
Succession 1000 years sand dune to Forrest
Geologic 20,000 years ice age
Genetic 1,000,000 development of new species

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One of the primary nutrients. It stimulates root growth, aids in disease resistance, and improves flower and fruit production. Like phosphorus it should be applied near the roots to be most effective. Symptoms of deficiency in plants are tip and marginal burn starting on more mature leaves, weak stalks, poor flower or fruit development, and slow growth.

Potassium

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The secondary nutrients often grouped with micronutrients, but determined more critical than other nutrients in that group. These are generally abundant in most soils.

Calcium, magnesium, sulfur

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Essential part of cell formation and structure in plants.

Calcium

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Essential for photosynthesis

Magnesium

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Used in protein synthesis

Surfer

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Certain organic chemicals used to form strong bonds with metals (iron, zinc, manganese, and copper). Used in fertilizers, are soluble and help keep nutrient metals mobile in the soil, thus aiding in availability to plants. Commonly used in the treatment of iron chiorosis.

Chelates

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Name three types of chemical soil amendments:

Gypsum, lime, sulfur

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Name three types of organic soil amendments:

Humus, pear moss, manure

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Decomposed organic matter which can aid in flocculating clay soils and help increase water holding capacity and fertility of sandy soils.

Humus

Refers to chemical anendment composed of calcium. Used to raise ph of overly acid soils, and improve some clay soils by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.

Lime

Refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium and sulfur. Used to improve some clay particles to bind together in larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.

Gypsum

The process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates under the action of light. Chlorophyll is required for the conversion of light energy into chemical forms.

Photosynthesis

Required for the conversion of light energy into chemical.

Chlorophyll

Loss of water vapor from plants and leaves and stems of living plants into the atmosphere.

Transpiration

A condition, usually due to iron deficiency, in which the body of the leaf is paler or more yellow than normal while the veins remain green. The soil may lack iro, but it is more common that the iron is “tied up” and unavailable to the roots. Over watering and lack of aeration may cause both the body and veins of the leaf to yellow.

Chlorosis

Sometimes called antitranspirants, this refers to solutions which when applied to levels partially seals the transpiring surfaces and reduce water loss. This may be used on container plants to minimize wilting and stress following planting or in preparation of leafy cuttings for rooting.

Antidessicant

Tree or shrubs trained against a wall.

Espalier

Training of shrub or tree branching structure in an interwoven pattern. May result in a vertical hedge-type form or, I. The case of trees, an overhead natural arbor.

Pleaching

Severe pruning of major diciduous tree limbs each dormant season to create large knobby core of branching structure. Such treatment results in an extremely compact leafy dome-form during the growing season and a silhouette of unusual branching character in dormant season.

Pollarding

Composed of the cells activity or potentially involved in cell division or growth. Girth, roots and shoots

Meristematic tissue

The water -conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.

Xylem

The food conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.

Phloem

Plants that complete their life cycle in a year or less.

Annual

Plants that complete their life cycle in two years

Biennial

Nonwoody plants that live for more than two years. Top growth of some die back each year, but some retain growth continuously.

Perennial

A regulatory tool that local governments use to guide development in a localized area and to systematically implement the general plan.

Specific Plans

Additional rights which goes with or pertains to the land, but is not necessarily a part of it. Examples include a right of way or a building

Appurtenances

___ is rental or owner occupied housing that costs no more than 30 percent of a households total monthly income

Affordable housing

The process in which an unincorporated area joins an adjacent city

Annexation

Considers variances to planning ordinances for specific developments.

Board of adjustment

A __ includes all components of a building that enclose conditioned space. __ components separate conditioned spaces from unconditioned spaces or from outside air.

Building envelope

Land or water designated to separate one use from another eg to shield or block noise, light or other nuisances.

Buffer zone

CEQA

California environmental quality act

The grouping of a particular developments residential structures on a portion of the available land, reserving a significant amount of the site as protected open space.

Cluster development

The central organizing document for planning a community. Another term for general plan.

A comprehensive plan

The term that needed services be in place or planned for before new development is approved. Also referred to as phased development controls

Concurrency

Grants the right of a person, government agency, or public utility company to use public or private land owned by anther for a specific purpose, such as access to power lines

Easement

The taking (with due compensation) of private land by a government agency for the public good.

Eminent domain

An unauthorized invasion or intrusion of a fixture or other real property on another’s property. Often permits are issued for temporary ___ for construction purposes.

Encroachment

Land including accessory buildings and structures used for the removal, refinement and/or processing of sand, gravel, stone, mineral, or other aggregate resources. Eg a soil borrow pit, a gravel pit and a stone quarry

Extractive use

FEMA

Federal emergency management agency — maps and sets national standards for development in flood prone areas.

A lot which has a narrow access strip connected to a public street or right of way. The strip contains a driveway

Flag lot

A ratio of the gross floor area of a building to the total area of the site. (Note: may vary by jurisdiction)

Floor area ratio

A linear measurement along the front of a property, that is, the portion facing a road, waterway etc.

Frontage

A band of countryside surrounding a town, development or neighborhood on which building is generally prohibited.

Green belt

The total floor area contained within a building footprint including the horizontal area of external walls. (Note: may vary by jurisdiction)

Gross floor area

Refers to regulations that increase housing choice by establishing requirements and providing incentives for constructing a wide variety of housing types

Inclusionary zoning

Means developing smaller vacant parcels of land in urban areas that have been passed over by previous development

Infill

The basic facilities that serve a community, such as streets and highways, schools, and water, sewer and storm drain systems.

Infrastructure

A comprehensive, long range site plan for a project that includes multiple land uses and/or is expected to be developed in phases. Another term for specific plan

A master plan

NEPA

National Environmental Protection Act of 1960 - established policy for clean air, water, and the protection of natural recourses.

The total square footage of occupied area of a building

Net floor area

Any use which does not conform to the use regulations of the zoning ordinance for the zone in which it is located.

Non-confirming use

As used in the building codes, ___ refers to the type of use of the building. For example, a residential apartment building vs a medical care facility.

Occupancy

Laws passed by a local government which support the general or comprehensive plan

Ordinances

A development which contains a mix of land uses, various types of residential uses, commercial uses and institutional ones. Occasionally industrial uses are included.

Planned unit development

Land and it’s permanently affixed buildings or structures

Real property

An agreement restricting the use of real property which is attached to the conveyance (deed) and which is binding on subsequent purchases of the property.

Restrictive covenant

A strip of land occupied or intended to be occupied by a street, crosswalk, railroad, electric transmission line oil or gas pipeline, water main, sanitary or storm sewer main, shade trees, or other special use.

A Right-of-Way

A required minimum horizontal distance between a structure and the related front, side or rear property line

A Setback

A means to allow an applicant for a development permit to alleviate a legal hardship that is inherent in a piece of land

Variance

___ were one of the earliest formal tools used to regulate land use development at the local level in the United States.

Zoning ordinance

Lists the date, parties to the contract, description of the work or services, and compensation.

Preamble

Services to be provided and services not included as part of the basic contract (ie: scope of work)

Basic Services

Provision of necessary information (such as surveys) and additional information as needed for the successful execution of the contract.

Owners responsibility

Client and consultant agree to hold each other harmless in the event of liability claims.

Indemnity clause

Termination clauses, statements regarding the ownership of original drawings, and limitations of liability.

Conclusion

Transferability of responsibility should one of the parties to the contract sell the business or property, or die.

Successors and assigns

A __ is a civil wrong for which a court will grant remedy. This suggests that if someone has suffered damage, then someone else must be at fault.

Tort

What are the two types of torts?

Intentional: misrepresentation of facts, deceit, and defamation of character. Rarely a concern in the design profession Unintentional: generally deals with issues of negligence. These are of considerable concern to the design profession.

Employers are liable for the acts of their employees while the latter are performing within the scope of their employment duties.

Doctrine of respondent superior

Volunteer and free services cary the same responsibility as services solicited for a fee. Pro-bono is not exempt.

Doctrine of gratuitous service

Breach of duty is a type of negligence. One of two ways it occurs is.. giving incorrect advice or issuing drawings or specifications which result in damage.

Affirmative acts

Failing to provide necessary advice, or omission of a drawing or specification that results in damage. A type of negligence

Failure to act

To prove negligence, a connection between breach of duty and damage must be shown.

Causal connection

Compensation to put both parties in the same position they would be in if the contract had been performed

Compensatory damages

Damages arising out of circumstances known (or that should have been foreseen) by one party to the contract at the time the agreement was made.

Consequential damages

Damages agreed to in the contract in the event of a breach or default by one party.

Liquidated damages

Orders issued by a judge which prohibit a person from performing a specific activity.

Injunctions

Let the buyer beware

Caveat emptor

The legal doctrine that wrongdoers should pay damages proportional to their fault

Comparative negligence

A provision in a contract that relieves a party of liability

Exculpatory clause

A promise to hold a person harmless from liability or loss

Indemnity

A construction defect that is not perceptible by ordinary observation

Latest defect

A doctrine recorded in the county recorders office that gives public notification of litigation involving title to or the possession of real property.

Lis pendens

Financial forecast based on hypothetical, anticipated profits and losses

Pro Forma

Diagram showing relationships and linkages

Cluster analysis

Diagramming showing political governmental restrictions such as setback and zoning regulations the total space (volume) available for structure when all these factors are taken into account is sometimes known as the ____.

Building envelope studies

Demand, relationships of uses, absorption (rate of sale)

Market performance

Multiple attribute analysis: this function identifies where any of the attributes being mapped occur. Fire example set A includes attributes 1 & 2, whereas set B includes attributes 2 & 3.

Union

Multiple attribute analysis: this function identifies where attributes common to sets of data being mapped occur. Conditions common to both sets overlap spatially.

Intersection

LESA

Land Evaluation and Site Assesment system. Has been used by state and local governments to protect prime, unique or locally protected farmland from development.

Evaluations of risk for conditions of possible environmental contamination.

Environmental site assesment

A walk through of the site typically using a checklist that conforms to ASTM E-1528. Can be performed by a site design professional. Has the site been filled in the past Knowledge of hazarded materials or petroleum fill Industrial or commercial activities etc

Transaction screen

A planning tool whose purpose is to provide means to analyze the potential visual impact of proposed projects and activities on the environment and for identifying measures to mitigate these impacts.

Visual resource assessment

Test used to determine the maximum density of soil needed for a project.

Proctor test

LIDR

Light Detecting and Ranging

This scale of measure conveys gradation or ranking of elements. Site limitations for excavations to construct building foundations etc.

Ordinal scale