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KIN 300 > chapter 2 kin 300 > Flashcards

chapter 2 kin 300 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 macronutrients

A

carbs, fats, lipds

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2
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
  • important = glucose and glycogen
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3
Q

glucose

A
  • most important monosaccharide
  • natural sugar in foods
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4
Q

glucose functions

A
  • metabolized for energy
  • convert to fat for energy storage
  • stored as glycogen in muscle + liver tissue
  • aid production of non essential AA
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5
Q

plant polysaccharides

A

starch and cellulose

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6
Q

starch

A
  • humans can digest and used for energy or store as glycogen
  • broken down as monosaccharides
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7
Q

cellulose

A
  • dietary fiber
  • resists breakdown by human enzyme
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8
Q

Liver Glycogen

A
  • converted to glucose –> transported to liver
  • reestablish normal blood glucose levels
  • substrate for other cells in body
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9
Q

muscle glucose

A
  • largest source glycogen storage
  • energy for working muscles
  • muscles use glucose as substrate in glycolysis
  • doesn’t reestablish Blood glucose levels
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10
Q

glycogenesis

A

formation of glycogen from glucose in muscle/liver tissue

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11
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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12
Q

Fats

A
  • provide energy at rest /submax intensities of exercise
  • protects vital organs
  • transport for fat soluble vitamins
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13
Q

fatty acids

A
  • saturated chain full of hydrogen, bad for you
  • unsaturated good ig
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14
Q

triaglyceride

A

form of fatty acid storage in fat cells
- can’t dep;ete fat stores as energy source through exercise alone

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15
Q

lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides
- 3 fatty acids and glycerol
- glycerol can synthesize glucose at liver, then metabolized

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16
Q

proteins

A
  • building blocks for amino acids - essential vs non essential
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17
Q

protein funcitons

A
  • structural component
  • growth, repair, maintenence of body
  • produce hemoglobin, enzymes, hormones
  • maintain blood osmotic pressure
  • produce antibodies against disease
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17
Q

protein funcitons

A
  • structural component
  • growth, repair, maintenence of body
  • produce hemoglobin, enzymes, hormones
  • maintain blood osmotic pressure
  • produce antibodies against disease
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18
Q

essential amino acids

A

synthesized in body, 12 adults 11 children

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19
Q

essential amino acids

A

cant be synthesized, must be ingested in food

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20
Q

why is glycogen storage important to consider during exercise

A

it reduces glucose uptake from the blood so it helsp maintain blood glucose

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21
Q

bioenergetics

A
  • the chemical process of converting food into energy
  • biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the cells obtains energy
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22
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy

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23
Q

anabolism

A

the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells

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24
does lactate cause fatigue?
NO- its a temporary buffer to cells elevated accumulation of protons during intense exercise it is indirectly correlated to acidosis
25
enzymes don't initiate reactions but,
they accelerate the rates of reactions without being changed. they do not alter the total energy released
26
rate limiting enzymes
regulate the rate of a metabolic pathway, the rate at which an entire reaction occurs depends on the rate the enzyme works
27
what does calcium stimulate in Aerobic ATP production?
pyruvate, succinate, alpha oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
28
ATP-PC
rate limiting: Creatine kinase stimulator: ADP inhibitor: ATp
29
Glycolysis
rate limiting: phosphofrucktokinase stimulator: AMP, ADP, Pi, high pH inhibitor: ATP, CP, citrate, low pH
30
krebs cycle
rate limiting: isocitrate dehydrogenase stimulator: ADP, Ca ++, NAD inhibitor: ATP, NADH
31
etc
rate limiting: cytochrome oxidase stimulator: ADP, Pi inhibitor: ATP
32
mass action effect
concentration of substrates and products determin which direction a reaction will go ex. large ATP count, tend towatds the breakdown to components ADP and Pi
33
modulators of enzymatic reactions
temperature, acidity, and need for coenzymes
34
temperature affecting speed of facilitation
enzymes have optimal temp to operate under slight increase will speed up reaction during exercise, increase results in increase of energy production
35
acidity affecting speed of facilitation
enzymes have optimal pH level during exercise increase pH lowers enzymatic activity and energy production -> fatigue
36
need for coenzymes affecting speed facilitation
enzymes won't function properly w/o enough coenzymes increases with exercise
37
ATP storage in muscle cells limited
small amounts stored in cells, concentration decreases rapidly with increase exercise, decline in muscle force production
38
short, high intensity activities
anarobic metabolism
39
up to first 30 seconds of exercise
ATP-PC
40
30 sec to 3 minutes sprinting < 200 meters, sprinting end of 5k, swimming 50 - 100 meter
glycolysis
41
longer duration, lower intensity
aerobic metabolism
42
within cell muscles, phosphocreatine and ADP is broken down to
produce ATP and C
43
when a depletion of PC occurs
recover period needed for energy to reform PC intensity of exercise needs to decrease in order for replenishing
44
what causes fatigue and decrease of muscle force?
increase acidity from ATP hydrolysis and production of H+ accumulation of Pi from ATP hydrolysis
45
ATP-PC adaptation 1
- increase creatine kinase with anaerobic training - theoretically would result in faster regeneration of ATP and improve performance
46
ATP-PC adaptation 2
- increase intramuscular concentrations of ATP an PC at rest - weight training and sprint training increases them - no change after 6 weeks in resting levels of ATP/PC but performance improved
47
high rate of ATP depended processes results in
quick depletion, carbon storages best choice for energy maintenance
48
glycolysis
10 enzymatic reactions that metabolize glucose, doenst require oxygen cna be supplied by blood glucose or intramuscular glycogen stores ( will affect ATP # produced)
49
pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA
can enter aerobic pathways
50
pyuvate is converted to lactate
cant enter aerobic pathways, can be used to produce glucose through Cori Cycle and lactate shuttle hypothesis
51
energy investment phase
1. phosphorylation of glucose by ATP produces and activated molecule 2. rearrangement followed by a 2nd phosphorylation by ATP 3. 6 carbon molecule split inbto two 3- carbon G3P
52
energy generation phase
- rapid breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate in cytoplasm - G3P oxidized and phosporylized -> 3PG and NADH - oxidation and removal of water -> 2 PEP - 2 phosphate groups removed
53
glycolysis review
Gross ATP: 4 Net with glucose : 2 ATP Net with glycogen: 3 ATP 2 pyruvate
53
glycolysis with glucose vs glycogen
glucose : 2 ATP glycogen: 3 ATP
54
what happens to the H+ ions that were produced during glycolysis?
- in aerobic conditions NADH transports H+ to O2 in mitochondria - in anaerobic conditions, it fails to oxidize -> pyruvate accepts hydrogens to form lactate
55
when sufficient oxygen becomes available, blood lactate becomes a ready source of energy
NAD+ attaches to H+ and brings them to ETC convertes to pyruvate for further breakdown
56
lactate acts as a fuel source
shuttled to liver for liver glycogen conversion or glucose conversion
57
lactate production pathway
muscle glycogen -> glucose -> pyruvate -> lactate -> out of muscle tissue into bloodstream and liver
57
lactate production pathway
muscle glycogen -> glucose -> pyruvate -> lactate -> out of muscle tissue into bloodstream and liver
58
Cori cycle
lactate converted to pyruvate then glucose -> stored as liver glycogen - liver glycogen broken down to glucose -> can be released from liver to bloodstream - glucose : reestablish blood glucose levels / travel via bloodstream - glucose enter muscle cells-> energy production/ stored as muscle glycogen
59
circulating lactate can be used by
inactive skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, kidneys can be transformed to pyruvate ->glucose + glycogen to replenish cho stores
60
glycolysis summary
Gross ATP: 4 glucose net gain: 2 glycogen net gain: 3 NADH : 2 pyruvate : 2 rate limiting: PFK
61
Glycolysis training adaptation 1
- increase glycolytic enzymes - can improve performance by increasing ATP availability from glycolysis - enzymes increase due to weight, sprint and endurance training - some changes in enzymes will have more impact than others
62
glycolysis training adaptation 2
- increase IM glycogen affect glycolytic and aerobic production of ATP - endurance training increases stores - rely heavy on glycolytic ATP production -weight and sprint studies- little to no change in storage
63
Glycolysis training adaptation 3.1
- buffering capacity - improved skeletal muscle ability to buffer H+ acidity - increases performance and improves recovery - most common buffer is bicarbonate
64
Glycolysis training adaptation 3.2
- buffering capacity with endurance and sprint training - increase buffering capabilities - more ATP generation affects performance

KIN 300 (2 decks)

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