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Chemistry > Chapter 2 (Matter) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Matter) Flashcards

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0
Q

Mixtures

A

Composed of more than one substance and can be physically separated into its component substances.
Two types:
1. Homogenous mixtures
2. Heterogenous mixtures

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1
Q

Matter

A

Any substance that has a mass and occupies volume.
Can be divided into two classes:
1. Mixtures
2. Pure substance

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2
Q

Pure substance

A 
Composed of one substance and CANT be physically separated. 
Has constant composition 
Two types:
1. Compounds 
2. Elements
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3
Q

Compounds

A

Can be chemically separated into individual elements

water -h2o- separated into hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

Elements

A

A single atom
Cannot be broken down any further by chemical reactions and still retain same properties
(Gold, iron, oxygen)

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5
Q

Homogenous mixtures

Ex: apple juice

A

Uniform properties through out.
Also called solutions; evenly mixed
(Ex: salt dissolved into water)

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6
Q

Heterogenous mixtures

Ex: blood

A

NO uniform properties; visible

Ex: sand & water

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7
Q

Atom

A

Basic building block of all matter

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8
Q

Molecule

A

Smallest particle of a compound

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9
Q

Law of constant composition

A

The ration by mass of the elements in a compound is always the same.

-Compounds have a constant composition, mixtures do NOT (can be used to differentiate b/w the two)

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10
Q

Colloid

A

A heterogenous mixture whose particle size in intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension

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11
Q

Law of definite proportions

A

States that compounds always contain the same elements in a constant proportion by mass.

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12
Q

Chemical formula

A

Sulfuric –> H2SO4

Number of types of atoms in a compound

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13
Q

Dispersion Medium

A

The material in which the particles are distributed

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14
Q

Tyndall effect

A

Phenomenon in which the dispersed particles of a colloid cannot be separated by filteration but scattered by light
– chattering of visible light by colloidal particles

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15
Q

Emulsions

A

A colloidal dispersion of a liquid or solid

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16
Q

Physical property

A

Observed without changing the identity of a substance

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17
Q

Chemical property

A

Observed when a substance is changed into a new substance

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18
Q

Physical changes

A

Changes that do NOT alter the identity of a substance.
; (separation of mixtures, physical deformation like cutting, denting, & stretching)
; (changes of state)

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19
Q

Chemical changes

A

One substance turned into another.

Ex: burning paper

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20
Q

Solid

A

Has a definite shape and volume

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21
Q

Liquid

A

Definite volume, but indefinite shape

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22
Q

Gas

A

No definite shape, no definite volume

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23
Q

Distillation

A

For two or more pure liquids
Vaporized, condensed, isolated
Takes advantage of differences in boiling points

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24
Evaporation
Removes a liquid from a solution to leave a solid material
25
Filtration
Separates solids of different sizes | Separates pure substances
26
Calorimeter
- device used to measure changes in thermal energy or heat transfer - It measures calories
27
Calorie
the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
28
Calorimetry
A way to measure the energy change of a reaction or the energy contained in matter
29
Another example of a physical change
Ice melting and then water boiling
30
Silicon is a
Metalloid
31
Liquid state
No definite shape, but definite volume
32
The greater the kinetic energy the
Higher the temperature of particles
33
A heterogenous mixture example
Chocolate chop cookie
34
What is he method used to obtain pure water from contaminated water?
Distillation
35
A nonmetal is usually
Brittle
36
The vertical columns on period tables are
Groups
37
Example of homogenous mixture
Clear air
38
Metalloids are often
Semiconductors of electricity
39
What happens to energy in a substance when it changes state ?
Neither increased nor destroyed, but changes form
40
Method used to separate water form sand?
Filtration
41
Chemical defined as
Any substance that has a definite composition
42
A substance is metal if it's
A good conductor of heat and electricity
43
Chemical change
New identity
44
Zinc is a
Metal
45
When there are particles that settle in a mixture it's called
Suspension
46
Another example of a physical change
Ice melting and then water boiling
47
Silicon is a
Metalloid
48
Liquid state
No definite shape, but definite volume
49
The greater the kinetic energy the
Higher the temperature of particles
50
A heterogenous mixture example
Chocolate chop cookie
51
What is he method used to obtain pure water from contaminated water?
Distillation
52
A nonmetal is usually
Brittle
53
The vertical columns on period tables are
Groups
54
Example of homogenous mixture
Clear air
55
Metalloids are often
Semiconductors of electricity
56
What happens to energy in a substance when it changes state ?
Neither increased nor destroyed, but changes form
57
Method used to separate water form sand?
Filtration
58
Chemical defined as
Any substance that has a definite composition
59
A substance is metal if it's
A good conductor of heat and electricity
60
Chemical change
New identity
61
Zinc is a
Metal
62
When there are particles that settle in a mixture it's called
Suspension
63
Kinetic energy
Any form of energy that cannot be stored
64
Thermal energy
Total mechanical energy of an objects or a materials particles Extensive property
65
Temperature
Average mechanical energy of the particles that compose a material
66
Kinetic molecular theory
Explains what happened to matter when the kinetic energy of particles changes Key points: 1. All matter is made up of tiny particles 2. There is empty space between particles 3. Particles are always moving 4. Particles move because of energy
67
Evaporation (vaporization) Condensation Sublimation Deposition
Liquid to gas Gas to liquid Solid to gas Gas to solid
68
Vapor
Gas formed by a substance that boils above room temperature
69
Volatile substances
Substances that readily evaporate or evaporate at high rates
70
Heat of fusion
The amount of heat required to melt a specific amount of a substance at its melting point
71
Potential energy
Stored energy
72
Heat of vaporization
The amount of heat required to evaporate a specified amount of a substance at its boiling point
73
Heat of formation
The heat released when a substance is formed from its elements (J/g)
74
Heat of combustion
The heat released when a specified amount of a substance undergoes complete combustion with oxygen
75
Alloys
Mixtures containing metals
76
Binary compound
Composed of only two elements
77
Ion & ionic bond
Charged atom & the bond attraction b/w oppositely charged ions
78
Molecular compound
Any compound with a nonmetal (NM+NM) except for any containing ammonia (ionic)
79
Covalent bond
A shared pair of valence electrons that holds two atoms together
80
Acid
A special type of molecular compound ..
81
Base
A hydroxide
82
Salt
An ionic compound other than a hydroxide
83
Two types of Ionic compounds
Salts and bases
84
Two types of Homogeneous mixtures
Solutions and colloids
85
Physical separations
``` Those not involving a chemical reaction Centrifugation Chromatography Distillation Filtration ```
86
Non-mechanical physical separation
Includes techniques that use heat, electricity, magnetism, dissolving etc
87
Mechanical means of separation
Gravity, contact forces, or motion to sort the components of a mixture
88
Sediment
To fall or sink to the bottom of a liquid | Matter that has called or sunk to the bottom of a liquid
89
Is there such thing as a charged compound?
No, all compounds are neutral
90
Multivalvent ions
Ions that have more than one valence shell electron. Many of the transitions metals do. Ex) fe3+ fe2+
91
Polyatomic ion
A charged group of covalently bonded atoms (like a molecule, except with a charge)
92
To determine the names of ionic compounds
1. Write the names of the possible ions | 2. Write the formulas to see which one is correct
93
You only use prefixes when you are naming which type of compound?
Binary Molecular compounds (two nonmetals), never ionic | Ex) xenon tetra fluoride --> XeFe4
94
The names if all binary compounds have a suffix of what? | Do we use the prefix "mono" for the first element?
-ide | No, "Mono" is understood for the first element, so it is not needed.
95
Hydrates
a compound (salts), typically a crystalline one, in which water molecules are chemically bound to another compound or an element.
96
Gently warming a hydrated salt will usually...
Remove the water from the crystal
97
Anhydrous
Refers to the form of a salt without water
98
Some salts are hygroscopic which means..
They can absorb water from the air to form hydrates
99
How to determine the formula of a hydrate from its name
1. Write the sum hold of the ions named 2. Combine the ions to form the equation 3. Tack on the appropriate number of water molecules to compensate the formala Ex) copper(II) sulphate heptahydrate Cu2+ SO4 2- ---> CuSO4 Heptahydrate---> 7H2O So: CuSo4 * 7H2O
100
To name an acid without an oxygen atom
"Hydro"(proceeds the name of the anion) & "-ic" (replaces -ide) Ex) HF (hydrogen fluoride) = hydroflouric acid HCN (hydrogen cyanide) = hydrocyanic acid
101
To name an acid with an oxygen atom
"-ic" replaces "-ate" ex) hydrogen sulfate (h2so4) is sulfuric acid "-ous" replaces "-ite" ex) hydrogen sulfite (h2so3) is sulfurous acid

Chemistry (7 decks)

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