Chapter 2-Merrill

Question 1

Hippocrates

Answer 1

1st recorded epidemiologist; attempted to explain disease occurrence using a rational basis rather than a supernatural basis; profound environmental influece associated with health

Question 2

Hippocrates

Answer 2

Humors of the body; persisted for more than 200 years

Question 3

Humors

Answer 3

Blood; phlegm; black bile; yellow bile

Question 4

Hot humors

Answer 4

fever. caused by too much blood. lead to blood letting. treated with a cold treatment

Question 5

Cold humors

Answer 5

treated with a hot treatment

Question 6

atomic theory

Answer 6

everything is made of tiny particles

Question 7

Galen

Answer 7

lifestyle and personality influences. elaborated on Hippocrates’ theory

Question 8

Procatartic factors

Answer 8

the way a person lived (Galen)

Question 9

Temperament factors

Answer 9

Innate qualities of the body leading to having too many or too few humors

Question 10

Temperament factors

Answer 10

influenced health and disease; associated with a particular personality disease vulnerability but also with a particular personality type; lifestyle and personality can influence health and disease

Question 11

Miasmas

Answer 11

General term for particles in the air; vapors

Question 12

Hieronymous Fracastorius

Answer 12

Contagion

Question 13

Contagion

Answer 13

Disease could be caused by particles too small to be seen and that these particles could be spread by close personal contact or from inanimate objects

Question 14

Thomas Sydenham

Answer 14

Symptomology

Question 15

Symptomology

Answer 15

Advocate for a strong empirical approach to medicine and close observation of disease. promoted the concept of diagnosis by symptomology (unconventional)

Question 16

John Graunt

Answer 16

Father of modern demography (biostats)

Question 17

John Graunt

Answer 17

noted that biological phenomenon (births and deaths) varied in predictable patterns

Question 18

John Graunt

Answer 18

Contributed to the beginning of vital stats recordings (births, deaths, marriage, divorce)

Question 19

James Lind

Answer 19

Scurvy

Question 20

Scurvy

Answer 20

Deficiency in vitamin C. Results in abnormal bone formation and hemorrhage of the mucous membrane (diet on disease).

Question 21

James Lind

Answer 21

noted for the first clinical trial in discovering a cure for survey

Question 22

Noah Webster

Answer 22

Environmental influences of epidemics

Question 23

Noah Webster

Answer 23

epidemics were related to certain environmental factors that combined to affect large populations at once

Question 24

Noah Webster

Answer 24

studied yellow fever, scarlet fever, influenza

Question 25

Edward Jenner

Answer 25

smallpox inoculation

Question 26

Edward Jenner

Answer 26

noted link between cowpox and smallpox and was the first to inoculate

Question 27

Edward Jenner

Answer 27

contribution was the basis of vaccination

Question 28

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 28

hospital hygiene

Question 29

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 29

noted link between sanitation and material mortality (cross infection). prevention (hygienic practices). contribution led the way for improving hospital hygiene

Question 30

William Farr

Answer 30

father of modern vital stats and surveillance

Question 31

William Farr

Answer 31

developed basic practices still used today including disease classification

Question 32

William Farr

Answer 32

expanded mortality and morbidity analysis to include marital status, occupation, and attitude

Question 33

William Farr

Answer 33

multifactorial etiology

Question 34

Louis Pasteur

Answer 34

germ theory

Question 35

Louis Pasteur

Answer 35

Rabies immunization

Question 36

Louis Pasteur

Answer 36

demonstrated effective immunization against rabies, anthrax investigation/vaccine, pasteurization

Question 37

PL Panum

Answer 37

natural history of measles

Question 38

John Snow

Answer 38

Epidemiology of cholera

Question 39

John Snow

Answer 39

father of modern epidemiology; spot dot mapping

Question 40

John Snow

Answer 40

noted link between polluted water and cholera

Question 41

John Snow

Answer 41

descriptive and analytical

Question 42

Joseph Goldberger

Answer 42

epidemiology of pellagra

Question 43

Joseph Goldberger

Answer 43

Deficiency of B-complex vitamin. Results in skin conditions, digestive problems, mental disturbances

Question 44

Joseph Goldberger

Answer 44

developed the hypothesis that pellagra was not an infectious disease

Question 45

Joseph Goldberger

Answer 45

nutritional epidemiology

Question 46

Modern epidemiology

Answer 46

Since WWII, the discipline of epidemiology developed considerably in terms of research methods and outcomes

Question 47

Doll & Hill

Answer 47

responsible for linking smoking to lung cancer

Question 48

Framingham study

Answer 48

Conducted in Framingham, MA and was responsible for our understanding of the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease

Question 49

Florence Nightengale

Answer 49

helped create changes in hygiene and overall treatment of patients

Question 50

Mary Mallon/Typhoid Mary

Answer 50

chronic carrier of typhoid fever. 250 cases. no symptoms of disease

Question 51

Typhoid Mary

Answer 51

taught the importance of: keeping track of carriers; food handles and regulation; health inspectors and quarantine