Chapter 2- Migration And Immigration Flashcards
(20 cards)
Austin’s Colony
Among the original settlers were British and Irish. Most of the Old Three Hundred were farmers and arrived as single families. Stephen F Austin tried to avoid conflict and controversy by only accepting settlers of higher economic standing. Such as Bells(British), Bordens(British), Kuykendalls(Dutch), and Rabbs(Austrian). A large amount of settlers were slave holders; by the fall of 1825, 69 of the families owned 443 slaves which accounted for nearly 1/3 of the population of 1,790.
African and African-American Movement into America
Number of Africans living in Texas increased by the arrival of slaves but did not begin the African movement into Texas. When Esteban arrived in 1528 under de Vaca’s crew, African movements into Texas increased largely. Under Spanish rule, free blacks were accepted socially and permitted to work and under Mexican rule had all legal and political rights of citizenship. Mexican government had abolished slavery in 1829, still 5,000 were enslaved in Texas in 1830. When Texas became a republic in 1836, slavery was an established and thriving institution that subjugated appr. 13,000 African people.
Constitution of 1836
It gave preference to Anglo-American settlers, protected the rights of Anglo people in the unoccupied lands of the republic and, significantly, made specific exemptions of Africans and the descendants of African and Indians from state citizenship.
Juneteenth
On June 19, 1865, Union Major General Gordon Granger issued the General Order No. 3 in Galveston. Freed black men and women in Texas nonetheless transformed June 19th from the date making the announcement of an unheeded military order into a day of celebration described as “one of the most inspiring grassroots efforts of the post-Civil War period.”
General Order No. 3
“The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free.”
Spanish and Spanish Canary Islander Immigration to Texas
The Spanish Colonial era in Texas began around 1689 with the systematic establishment of missions and presidios, designed to spread Christianity and establish Spanish control over the region. First Spanish mission established in 1860s near present-day San Angelo, El Paso, and Presidio - areas that were closely tied to settlements in what is today New Mexico.
San Antonio de Bexar
Founded in 1718 as a combination of civilian, military, and mission communities, (originally settled as San Fernando de Bexar) proved to be the most successful Spanish presidium system, in Texas.
Maria Gertudis Perez (1790-1832)
Aka Maria Perez Cassiano, was a descendant of the Canary Islanders that in the 18th century formed the first organized civil government in Texas. Later the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas of 1827, allowed some community and individual property rights. While her husband was absent, Maria fully assumed his duties and administer his estate. She was known as “La Brigaviella” (the Brigadier General).
Adobe Walls
Located in Hutchinson County, the name was given to a couple of trading posts built by Anglo settlers around 1843.
Chief Quanah Parker
Led 700 Comanche, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Arapaho warriors to attack buffalo camp on June 27, 1874. He was the son of war chief Peta Nocona of the Noconi band of Comanche. Texas Rangers raided their encampment and killed his father then took his mother and sister and incarcerated them. Quanah took refuge with the Quahada Comanches. During the 1850s and 60s he fought with the Quahadas against the US Cavalry. A year later the two battles of Adobe Walls proved disastrous to the alliance and the Quahadas surrendered their independence at the Red River War and moved to Kiowa-Comanche reservations in Oklahoma.
Alabama-Coushatta Indians
Described as having “some sort of genius for peace and diplomacy”, remained distant from conflicts during the long period of Native American - Anglo animosity in Texas. In 1854, state legislature appropriated money to purchase 1,280 acres in Polk County to be reserved for Alabama-Coushatta.
Frederick Ernst
Started the German-Texan culture in 1831, “Father of German Immigration to Texas,” received a grant of more than 4,000 acres in Austin County.
Indianola, Texas
Originally name Indiana Point, was founded on Matagorda Bay in August 1846 as the landing place for German immigrants bound for western Texas under the sponsorship of the Society. Served as chief port through which American and European immigrants flowed; was an essential deep-water port during the Mexican War; served as an army supply depot to frontier; was the terminus for Charles Morgan’s New York-based steamship line; was the beginning point of a military road that lead to San Antonio, Austin and Chihuahua; and was the landing place for the “camel experiment” (1855-1863) designed to transport military supplies into the American southwest. Port was hit twice by a hurricane and eventually abandoned.
Freier Mann Verein
The leader of the Freeman’s Association was established in Texas and the issue of German opposition gained public attention during the annual Staats-Saengerfest (State Singers Festival) held in San Antonio in May 1854
Czech and Slovak Immigration
Lived in a community in New Ulm. Czech immigration started in 1850s and landed in Galveston. The “cradle of Czech immigration” was near present-day La Grange in the area around Fayetteville and along the coastal plains near present-day Wharton, Victoria, and Fort Bend. The Texas Czechs became known for their methods of cultivation and played a major role in the Texas cotton industry.
Hugo Oconor
Dublin-born Hugh O’Connor arrived in Texas sometime in the early 1760s and upon arrival changed his name to the more Spanish Oconor. Served as the Spanish governor of Texas from 1767 to 1770.
Henri Castro
The father of French immigration, who in 1844 founded a French settlement now known as Castroville.
Los Adaes
Located near present-day Robeline, LA, included both a mission (1717) and presidio (1721). It was the easternmost establishment in Spanish Texas for more than half a century. Original purpose was to block the French from encroaching into Spain’s southwestern lands.
Don Antonio Gil Y’Barbo
Emerged as the Adaesenos’ group’s most influential member and soon caught the attention of Spanish governor Domingo Cabello. He once served as a member of the Spanish military. While living in Los Adaes, Y’Barbo forged close commercial and social relationships with both the Caddo Indians and the French Natchitoches.
Nacogdoches
First established as a Spanish settlement in 1716, had become a gateway for trade with the French. Y’Barbo was appointed Lieutenant - Governor of the settlement in October 1779, and with his appointment to the post the Spanish government effectively “legalized” Nacogdoches as a permanent town.
