chapter 2 - movement analysis

Question 1

what is the fulcrum

Answer 1

the part of a lever system that pivots; joints are the fulcrums in the body’s lever system

Question 2

what is resistance

Answer 2

the load to be moved by the lever system; usually this involves weight

Question 3

what is effort?

Answer 3

the force applied to move the resistance or weight; in the body the muscles are the effort

Question 4

what is the acronym for levers

Answer 4

123FRETGB

Question 5

example of a first class lever

Answer 5

tricep extension

Question 6

example of second class lever

Answer 6

found at the ankle where the gastrocnemius causes plantar flexion

Question 7

what is the pivot in the second class lever at the ankle

Answer 7

the toe joints

Question 8

example of a third class lever

Answer 8

bicep contraction and elbow flexion

Question 9

what is the most common lever type

Answer 9

third class

Question 10

what is the formula for mechanical advantage?

Answer 10

mechanical advantage = effort arm / resistance arm

Question 11

how does mechanical advantage work?

Answer 11

the further away the resistance is from the fulcrum (longer the resistance arm), the larger forces the required by the effort to move this load.

Question 12

which lever systems have a lower mechanical advantage

Answer 12

first and third class

Question 13

which lever system has the highest mechanical advantage

Answer 13

second class lever systems

Question 14

what is the agonist

Answer 14

the prime mover, the muscle that causes movement

Question 15

what is the antagonist

Answer 15

the muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract

Question 16

what are tendons

Answer 16

they attach muscle to bones

Question 17

what can muscles do

Answer 17

they can only contract and pull

Question 18

what is antagonistic muscle contraction?

Answer 18

when the muscles work in pairs to contract and relax

Question 19

what are tendons made of

Answer 19

very strong cords of connective tissue

Question 20

what is isotonic contractions

Answer 20

muscle action where the muscle changes length - causes movement

Question 21

what is isometric contraction

Answer 21

muscle action where the muscle stays the same length - used in balances

Question 22

what is concentric contractions

Answer 22

isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens

Question 23

what is eccentric contractions

Answer 23

isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens - used to control downwards movements

Question 24

what muscle group usually controls the eccentric contractions

Answer 24

the agonist

Question 25

what is the mnemonic for planes and axis

Answer 25

Some Times - Sagittal Frontal Fun Starts - Frontal Saggital Too Late - Transverse Longitudinal

Question 26

how does the sagittal plane divide the body

Answer 26

through the centre, dividing the body into left and right parts

Question 27

what movements occur in the sagittal plane and transverse axis?

Answer 27

extension / flexion

Question 28

how does the frontal plane divide the body

Answer 28

separates the front and back halves of the body

Question 29

what movements occur in the frontal plane and sagittal axis?

Answer 29

abduction and adduction

Question 30

how does the transverse plane divide the body?

Answer 30

cuts straight through the hips to divide the top half of the body to the bottom half.

Question 31

what movement occurs in the transverse plane and longitudinal axis?

Answer 31

rotation

Question 32

give a sporting example of flexion and extension

Answer 32

** walking ** running ** squats ** bicep curl ** leg extensions ** front somersault

Question 33

give a sporting example of abduction and adduction

Answer 33

** star jump ** cartwheel ** side-bending

Question 34

what is the main agonist causing flexion at the shoulders

Answer 34

deltoids

Question 35

how does the shoulder move the arm during extension

Answer 35

backwards

Question 36

how does the shoulder move the arm during flexion

Answer 36

forwards

Question 37

what muscle causes flexion at the elbow

Answer 37

biceps

Question 38

which muscle causes extension at the elbow

Answer 38

triceps

Question 39

which muscle causes flexion at the knee

Answer 39

hamstrings

Question 40

which muscle causes extension at the knee

Answer 40

quadriceps

Question 41

which muscle is the main agonist during hip flexion

Answer 41

hip flexors

Question 42

which muscle is the agonist of hip extension

Answer 42

the gluteals

Question 43

which muscle causes dorsiflexion at the ankle

Answer 43

tibialis anterior

Question 44

which muscle causes plantar flexion at the ankle

Answer 44

gastrocnemius

Question 45

which muscle causes abduction in the shoulder

Answer 45

deltoid

Question 46

which muscle causes adduction in the shoulder

Answer 46

latissimus dorsi

Question 47

describe the pushing-up phase of a push-up in terms of muscle contraction and movement

Answer 47

the elbow is straightening so it is extension. the main agonist is the triceps and during this movement there is a concentric contraction of the triceps muscle.

Question 48

describe the lowering-down phase of a push-up in terms of muscle contraction and movement

Answer 48

the elbow bends, this is flexion. this movement is controlled eccentrically by the triceps.

Question 49

what is the drive phase in running

Answer 49

the short period of time where the performers foot is in contract with the ground and describes the performer pushing off the floor.

Question 50

what happens during the drive phase of running (knee, hip, ankle)

Answer 50

knee straightens, (extension), this movement is brought about by a concentric contraction of the quadriceps muscle. there is also hip extension brought by the concentric contraction of the gluteals the performer pushes off the ground using their ankle joint, this involves plantar flexion caused by a concentric contraction of the gastrocnemius

Question 51

what happens during the recovery phase of running (knee, hip, ankle)

Answer 51

the knee joint bends, flexion. caused by a concentric contraction of the hamstrings the hip flexes, caused by a concentric contraction of the hip flexors ankle adjusts, which is dorsiflexion. caused by the concentric contraction of the tibialis anterior