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Biopsychology > Chapter 2: Nerve cells > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Nerve cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells that nervous cells contain

A

Neurons
glia cells

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2
Q

number of neurons the human brain contains

A

approximately 100 billion individual neurons

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3
Q

How many neurons do we have

A

billions of them

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4
Q

the structure of animal cells

A
  1. Membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Ribosomes
  5. Endoplasmic reticulum
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5
Q

membrane

A

a structure that separates the inside of the cell from the
outside environmens

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

the structure that contains the chromosomes

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

the structure that performs metabolic activities, providing the energy that the cell uses for all activities

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

the sites within a cell that synthesize new protein molecules. Proteins provide building materials for the cell and facilitate chemical reactions

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

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10
Q

structure of a neuron diagram

A
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11
Q

what is the difference between motor and sensory neurons

A

motor neuron Has its soma in the spinal cord, Conducts impulses along its axon to a muscle
sensory neurons specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation (touch, light, sound, etc.)

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12
Q

motor neuron diagram

A
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13
Q

sensory neuron diagram

A
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14
Q

components of all neurons

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Soma/cell body
  3. Axon
  4. Presynaptic terminals
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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Branching fibers with a surface lined with synaptic receptors
responsible for bringing information into the neuron

The greater the surface area of the dendrite, the more the information it can receive

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16
Q

Soma/cell body

A

Contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes

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17
Q

Axon

A

The thin fiber of a neuron is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses toward other neurons, organs, or muscles

Maybe have a myelin sheath, an insulating material that
contains interruptions in the sheath known as nodes of Ranvier

18
Q

Nods of renvier

A

the interruptions in the myelin sheet, play an important role in action potential of
neuron.

19
Q

Presynaptic terminals

A

they are at the endpoints of an axon and they release
chemicals to communicate with other neurons

20
Q

Myelin Sheaths

A

act as a protective film for the axons.

21
Q

how many axons neurons have

A

Neurons have only one axon, but the axon may have branches.
The end of each branch has a swelling, called a presynaptic
Terminals

22
Q

Afferent axon

A

refers to ADMITTING information into a structure: sensory

23
Q

Efferent axon

A

refers to EXITING with information away from a structure: Motor

24
Q

Interneurons or intrinsic neurons

A

whose dendrites and axons are completely contained within a single structure

interneurons are the ones in between - they connect the spinal motor and sensory neurons.

25
Q

Do neurons vary in size and shape and why

A

Neurons vary in size, shape, and function,The function is closely
related to the shape of a neuron
Example: Purkinje cells of the cerebellum branch are extremely widely within a single plane

26
Q

Types of glial cells

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Radial glia

27
Q

Astrocytes

A

astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells with many functions which include providing nutrients and support to neurons helping repair damaged nervous system tissue regulating communication between neurons and maintaining the blood-brain barrier which keeps potentially toxic substances in the blood from entering the brain

28
Q

Microglia

A

Remove waste material, viruses, and fungi from the brain

29
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

is responsible for the myelination of neurons in the CNS

30
Q

Schwann cells

A

are responsible for the myelination of neurons in PNS

31
Q

Radial glia

A

are involved in neurogenesis and neural development they can give birth to new neurons and also serve as a scaffold along which new neurons can travel from their site of origin to their final destination in the brain

32
Q

What is BBB and what its function

A

It’s a mechanism that protects the brain and surrounds it protecting it from harmful stuff getting into the brain, when neurons get affected by bacteria or virus etc. the immune system destroys he neuron and remove it, and because the neurons in the brain don’t regenerate it’s very vital that that is protected and that’s wat BBB does.

33
Q

How does BBB work

A

Doesn’t let in large molecules or non-fat soluble, oxygen and co2 can travel easily for larger molecules it needs a special mechanism: Active transport

Sugar or glucose is one of the few nutrients that can pass through the blood-brain barrier and it’s the only one that crosses it in large quantities

Glucose and oxygen are essential for the neurons and the body needs thiamin to use the glucose, its deficiency can cause the death of neurons

34
Q

Active transport

A

The protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

Glucose, certain hormones, amino acids, and a few vitamins are
brought into the brain via active transport

35
Q

what neurons depend for their nutrition

A

Vertebrate neurons depend almost entirely on glucose
A sugar that is one of the few nutrients that can pass through the blood-brain barrier

36
Q

what is the only thing that can cross the BBB in large molecules

A

Glucose is the only nutrient that crosses the blood–brain
barrier in large quantities.

37
Q

what does the body need to use glucose

A

The body needs a vitamin, thiamine, to use glucose

38
Q

what does the deficiency of thiamin cause

A

Prolonged thiamine deficiency leads to the death of neurons as
seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome, a result of chronic alcoholism

Korsakoff’s syndrome is marked by severe memory impairment

39
Q

Nerve impulse

A

is the electrical message that is transmitted down the axon of a neuron

Does not travel directly down the axon, but is regenerated at points along the axon so that it is not weakened

40
Q

what is the speed of the nerve impulse

A

The speed of nerve impulses ranges from less than 1 meter/second to 100 meters/second

A touch on the shoulder reaches the brain more quickly than a
touch on the foot

Biopsychology (7 decks)

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