Chapter 2 Neuro

Question 1

Traumatic brain injury

Answer 1

Caused by blow or jolt to head or penetrating head injury

Can have memory, attention problems

Question 2

Korsakoff syndrome

Answer 2

Result of drinking too much and eating too little
Memory deficits prominent
Other cog functions preserved

Question 3

HM

Answer 3

Seizure
Lobotomy LR hippocampus
Amnesiac
Principally LTM
Normal digit span, normal intelligence, language
Couldn’t remember more than a few minutes, bad on visual and verbal memory tests, no new names or faces or new object locations

Question 4

LTM

Answer 4

Separable from other cognitive capacities incl. STM
Such separation is known as dissociation since specified deficit is separate or dissociated from deficits in other cog functions
More powerful than simple correlation whereby a deficit may just be general consequence of brain damage degree

Question 5

Double dissociation

Answer 5

Two patients show opposite pattern

Ie. Normal LTM, disrupted STM: no amnesia, could learn lists of words, but span of two digits

Question 6

Single cases tough

Answer 6

Rare
Most brain damage affects more than one system
Increasing complexity of models means more components affected - 3 component explanation requires triple dissociation

Question 7

Converging operations

Answer 7

Uses different methods and different participant groups, all focused on same question

Question 8

CT

Answer 8

Computerized tomography
X-ray technique
Tube rotates around head
Replaced by MRI

Question 9

MRI

Answer 9

Can use diffusion tensor imaging
Myelin sheaths surround white matter tracts connecting different areas of brain are fatty, causing water within to flow along that fiber
Aka tractography - allows mapping of white matter bundles that transfer info from one area to another

Question 10

Brain stimulation

Answer 10

Evokes feelings of deja vu

Question 11

TMS

Answer 11

Polarizes or de- brain tissue

Question 12

EEG

Electroencephalography

Answer 12

Noninvasive
Picks up electrical activity of person’s brain through electrodes
Detects epileptic foci
Used for sleep
Temporal resolution
Bad spatial resolution

Question 13

Event-related potentials

Answer 13

Obtained by time-linking event to specific component of EEG
tend to be weaker than background EEG within which they are embedded
Can be extracted by averaging over many repetitions of the same cognitive activity
Detects activity in gyri, peaks

Question 14

Magnetoencephalography MEG

Answer 14

Detects changes in magnetic activity
More sensitive to activity in sulci, valleys
MEG signals less subject to distortion from passing through skull and electrodes than ERP
Gives less complex pattern than ERP
Offers more precise localization of origin in brain than ERP
More expensive
Temporal resolution
Bad spatial resolution

Question 15

PET

Answer 15

Uses blood flow

Radioactive tracer in blood

Question 16

fMRI

Answer 16

Hemoglobin oxygen
Better spatial resolution
Poor temporal resolution, slower than EEG/MEG
Identifying peaks is to compare differences between patter of activation using subtraction method where what is shown is difference between trials when memory is required and not

Question 17

Multi-voxel pattern analysis MVPA

Answer 17

Scan gives visual representation of brain divided into tiny areas aka voxels
In fMRI they are treated individually
MVPA looks for cross-voxel regularities when same event presented repeatedly
Computer builds model of brain’s response to particular type of stimulus, ie. Face, house
‘Mind reading’

Question 18

Aplysia

Answer 18

Teaches habituation, sensitization
Long-term potentiation
Long-term depression

Question 19

Flynn effect

Answer 19

Steady increase in intelligence over generations

Eugenics

Question 20

Down syndrome

Alzheimer’s

Answer 20

Genetic but sporadic