Chapter 2: Neuroscience

Question 1

Phrenology

Answer 1

Franz Gall, used “bumps” on an individual’s brain to determine their personality.

Question 2

Biological Psychology

Answer 2

Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

Question 3

Neuron

Answer 3

A nerve cell that consists of many different parts.

Question 4

Dendrite

Answer 4

Bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Question 5

Axon

Answer 5

Sends messages form cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

Question 6

Myelin Sheath

Answer 6

Covers some axons, speeds up neural impulses.

Question 7

Action potential

Answer 7

A neural impulse: electrical charge that travels down the axon.

Question 8

Neurogical Threshold

Answer 8

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Question 9

Neurogical Refractory Period

Answer 9

Recharge time between action potentials.

Question 10

Synapse / Cleft

Answer 10

Space between axon of sending neuron and dendrite of receiving neuron.

Question 11

Neurotransmitters

Answer 11

Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons.

Question 12

Acetylcholine (a.k.a. Ach)

Answer 12

Enables muscle action, learning, and memory.

Question 13

Dopamine

Answer 13

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

Question 14

Serotonin

Answer 14

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

Question 15

Endorphins

Answer 15

Natural opiates released to respond to pain and vigorous exercise.

Question 16

Nervous System

Answer 16

Body’s speedy electrochemical information network.

Question 17

Central Nervous System

Answer 17

Brain and spinal cord.

Question 18

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 18

Links central nervous system with the peripherals of the body.

Question 19

Nerves

Answer 19

Cables of neurons.

Question 20

Sensory Neurons

Answer 20

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the Central Nervous System.

Question 21

Motor Neurons

Answer 21

Neurons that send information from the Central Nervous System to glands and muscles.

Question 22

Interneurons

Answer 22

Connect sensory and motor neurons.

Question 23

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 23

Voluntary control of our muscles.

Question 24

Automatic Nervous System

Answer 24

Controls glands and muscles of internal organs.

Question 25

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 25

The "HERE WE GO" system.

Question 26

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 26

The relaxation system.

Question 27

Reflex

Answer 27

Automatic responses to stimuli.

Question 28

Lesions

Answer 28

Tissue destruction/cuts.

Question 29

Neural Networks

Answer 29

Neurons that work together to specialize in something.

Question 30

Endocrine System

Answer 30

Slow, chemical communication system that releases hormones into the bloodstream.

Question 31

Adrenal Glands

Answer 31

Releases epinephrine and nor-epinephrine.

Question 32

Pituitary Glands

Answer 32

Controlled by the hypothalamus, controls growth and other endocrine glands.

Question 33

Electroencephalogram

Answer 33

Known as an EEG, takes an amplified reading of electrical activity in the brain.

Question 34

Positron Emission Tomography Scan

Answer 34

Known as a PET scan, shows brain activity via glucose levels.

Question 35

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 35

Known as an MRI, aligns spinning atoms in the brain to get a reading.

Question 36

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 36

Known as a fMRI, similar functions to the MRI, but with blood flow.

Question 37

Brainstem

Answer 37

Oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells.

Question 38

Medulla

Answer 38

Controls heartbeat and breathing.

Question 39

Reticular Formation

Answer 39

Nerve network controlling sleep arousal.

Question 40

Thalamus

Answer 40

The "Sensory Switchboard", receives sense information about everything except smell.

Question 41

Hippocampus

Answer 41

Memory processing.

Question 42

Pons

Answer 42

Bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Question 43

Cerebellum

Answer 43

Coordinates voluntary movements and balance.

Question 44

Limbic System

Answer 44

Emotional and motivational links, "Border of the Brain."

Question 45

Amygdala

Answer 45

Influences aggression and fear.

Question 46

Hypothalamus

Answer 46

Regulates blood chemistry, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. Also diverts maintenance functions.

Question 47

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 47

Body's ultimate control and informational processing center. Covers Cerebral hemispheres.

Question 48

Glial Cells

Answer 48

Protects, supports, and nourishes neurons.

Question 49

Frontal Lobes

Answer 49

Responsible for speaking, planning, and judgements.

Question 50

Occipital Lobes

Answer 50

Responsible for sight.

Question 51

Parietal Lobes

Answer 51

Responsible for sensory input and body position.

Question 52

Temporal Lobes

Answer 52

Responsible for auditory input.

Question 53

Motor Cortex

Answer 53

Located behind the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement.

Question 54

Sensory Cortex

Answer 54

Located in front of the parietal lobes, controls body touch and movement sensations.

Question 55

Association Areas

Answer 55

"Unused Areas" that store associative messages.

Question 56

Phineus Gage

Answer 56

oops

Question 57

Aphasia

Answer 57

Impaired use of language.

Question 58

Broca's Area

Answer 58

Problems with language expression.

Question 59

Wernicke's Area

Answer 59

Problems with language reception.

Question 60

Plasticity

Answer 60

Brain's ability to modify and adapt to damage.

Question 61

Corpus Callosum

Answer 61

Connection between the two hemispheres.

Question 62

Split Brain

Answer 62

Researched by Sperry, creating a lesion through the Corpus Callosum.