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Bio Mr King > Chapter 2: Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Nucleic acids Flashcards

1
Q

DNA has a double helix structure and carries…

A

Genetic information

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2
Q

A nucleotide is made up of:

A
  • Pentose sugar
  • Phosphate group (deoxyribose for DNA)
  • Nitrogen-based organic group
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3
Q

The five nitrogen-based organic groups are:

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine and Uracil

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4
Q

Uracil and Thymine are used by which nucleic acid?

A

RNA uses Uracil
DNA uses Thymine

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5
Q

The phosphate group, pentose sugar and organic base are bonded through which reaction and to make what?

A
  • Condensation reaction
  • To make a mononucleotide
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6
Q

Two mononucleotides can join together through what reaction to make what kind of bond?

A
  • Condensation reaction
  • To make a phosphodiester bond
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7
Q

The base groups used for RNA are:

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Urasil

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8
Q

DNA is a stable structure because of?
(Two things)

A
  • The phosphodiester bond protects the chemically active base groups in the double helix
  • The hydrogen bonds
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9
Q

Why is a DNA structure more stable the more C-G pairs it has?

A

The C-G pair has three hydrogen bonds which adds more stability than the A-T pair

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10
Q

Cell division occurs in two main stages:

A
  • Nuclear division (Mitosis, meiosis)
  • Cytokinesis ( where the whole cell divides_
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11
Q

The four requirements for semi-conservative replication are:

A
  • All base pairs
  • The enzyme DNA polymerase
  • A source of chemical energy
  • Both strands of the DNA molecule
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12
Q

The two enzymes used in DNA replication are and their functions?

A
  • DNA helicase which breaks apart the strands into two
  • DNA polymerase which rebinds the strands together
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13
Q

What does DNA helicase do? (Cause and effect)

A

It breaks apart the hydrogen bonding between the base pairs
This unwinds the double helix into two separate strands

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14
Q

What happens after the helicase unwinds the strands?

A

The polynucleotide strand acts as a template for free nucleotides to attach to their complementary base pairing.

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15
Q

What is the protein associated with DNA in a chromosomes

A

Histones

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16
Q

What is a pentose sugar in a DNA called?

A

Deoxyribose

17
Q

How is DNA replicated?

A

By semi-conservative replication

Be sure to remember all the steps

18
Q

Why are the strand anti-parallal in Semi-conservative replication?

A
19
Q

Why are the strands anti-parallal in Semi-conservative replication?

A

Because the polymerase can only add a monomer to the 3’ carbon because of its free OH ion

If you wanna know why, ask God

20
Q

Why does ATP have low activation energy

For hydrolysis of ATP

A

Because the phosphate ions are unstable so requires low energy to remove

Only the terminal phosphate is removed

This creates ADP, Phosphate ion and energy

21
Q

Why is ATP better than glucose

A

ATP releases small amounts of energy so no energy is wasted and cells don’t overheat

Unlike glucose which gives more energy than needed so energy is wasted

22
Q

Five reasons why water is essential

A
  • Metabolite
  • Specific latent heat
  • Specific heat capacity
  • Cohesion
  • Universal solvent

Also that it is transparent so good for underwater photosynthesis

23
Q

Why is water’s specific latent heat important for organisms?

A

It takes a lot of energy to change the state of water. It’s good because sweating cools you down because it uses your heat energy

24
Q

Why is water’s specific heat capacity important for organisms?

A

It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature so it makes a good buffer for enzymes

25
Q

Why is water being a universal solvent important for organisms?

A

Lots of polar molecules can dissolve in water:
- Gases
- Wastes (ammonia and urea)
- Inorganic ions + small molecules (amino acids, monosaccharides, ATP)
- Enzymes

26
Q

Why is water’s cohesion good for organisms?

A

It’s tension allows it to go up the xylem vessels and act as a skin for small organisms

This is mad epossible by the strong hydrogen bonds

27
Q

Why is water being a metabolite important for organisms?

A
  • It is used in hydrolysis and condensation reactions.
  • Chemical reactions take place in aqueous medium
  • Water is important for photosynthesis

Second bullet point iss why 90% of our cytoplasm is water

28
Q

Why is water’s transparancy important for organisms?

A

Its transparancy allows underwater photosynthesis to happen and also allows light to enter our retina

Bio Mr King (4 decks)

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